FINAL EXAM PROCESS QUESTIONS

What is the standard order of biological organization levels from smallest to largest?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems

What are the orders of biological organizations beginning at the cell?

Atom → Biological Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System

What is an example of a response to INTERNAL stimuli?

The brain knowing it’s time to eat (response) because of an empty stomach or low blood pressure (stimulus)

What is an example of a response to EXTERNAL stimuli?

Pupils dilating (response) because of bright sunlight (stimulus)

What is an example of homeostasis?

Your body shivering when it’s cold or sweating when it’s hot to regulate temperature

What is the equation for metabolism?

6CO₂(carbon dioxide) + 6H₂O (water) + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ (carbohydrate) + 6O₂ (oxygen)

All reproduction involves the _____ and _____ of an organism’s _______ _______.

All reproduction involves the replication and inheritance of an organism’s genetic information.

Pros of sexual reproduction:

More genetic variation & speeds up adaptation & evolutionary changes

Cons of sexual reproduction:

Time-consuming (finding partner, gestational period is usually longer) & more energy is needed

Pros of asexual reproduction:

Less time & energy needed

Cons of asexual reproduction

Less genetic diversity/variation & slower adaptation/evolutionary changes

How do multicellular organisms grow?

Cells grow by repeated divisions and the differentiations that occur as a result

How do unicellular cells grow?

Extent of growth & development is the enlargement of the cell after mitosis

What two events/processes occur as a result of natural selection?

Speciation & extinction

Which domain contains only eukaryotic cells?

Eukarya

Which domains contain only prokaryotic cells?

Archaea and Bacteria

In all living things, all _____ ultimately derives from the ___; plants convert ____ into _____ energy, and those ___ can be ____ and energy is _____.

In all living things, all energy ultimately derives from the sun; plants convert light into chemical energy, and those bonds can be broken, and energy is released.

Name one example of a base

Bleach

What is the chemical ratio of carbohydrates

1 Carbon : 2 Hydrogen : 1 Oxygen

Carbohydrates are the main source of ____ for ____ ____

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things

Carbohydrates serve a _____ purpose for plants and some animals

Carbohydrates serve a structural purpose for plants and some animals

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What are the three monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, galactose

What are the three disaccharides?

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

What are the four polysaccharides and their purposes?

• Glycogen: Carb storage in animal livers

• Starch: Carb storage in plants

• Cellulose: Cell walls, cotton, “roughage”

• Chitin: exoskeleton of arthropods

Explain the characteristics of Lipids

• Not water soluble

• Mostly carbon & hydrogen atoms

• Used to store energy

• Important part of biological membranes and waterproof coverings