YAWP 14+15

In his inaugural address, how did Lincoln address secession?

Legally void

What were Lincoln’s initial plans for the Confederacy?

He would not invade, but intended to maintain possession of federal property throughout the South byu use of force

Where were the first shots of the war fired?

Fort Sumter

Following Fort Sumter, more states joined the Confederacy. How many total states renounced their allegiance to the United States?

Eleven

Southerners claimed that this war was not an issue of slavery but slavery as a preservation of states’ rights. What is the irony of that statement?

The Confederate constitution left less power to the states than the US Constitution.

Shortly after Lincoln called for 75,000 troops, the Union adopted what strategy to suppress the rebellion?

Anaconda Plan; strangle the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways via a naval blockade. Ground troops would enter the interior.

What is habeas corpus? Why is it significant that Lincoln suspended it?

Arrest someone without them committing a crime; many have argued that it is unconstitutional to do so.

Why were so many European nations paying attention to the American Civil War?

Watching to see if democracy would fail, and how the cotton industry would be affected

Why did Lincoln initially not allow Black Americans to serve in the war?

Might threaten the loyalty of border states

What happened to enslaved people who escaped to Union lines?

Runaways lived in “contraband camps” and performed the drudge work of war: raising fortifications, cooking meals, and laying railroad tracks.

Which battle proved that the war would be long and hard-fought, more than the Union originally thought?

Battle of Bull Run

The absence of Southerners allowed Republicans to finally pass the Whig economic package, including the Homestead Act, Land-Grant College Act (aka the Morrill Act), and the Pacific Railroad Act. What did these three acts each do?

Homestead Act (1862) - granted 160 acres of public land to any adult citizen or intended citizen who had never fought against the US government (promote settlement of the American West); Land-Grant Act (1862) - allowed each state to sell up to 30,000 acres of land and use the funds to establish colleges; Pacific Railroad Act (1862) - authorized the first transcontinental railroad in the US.

Democratic Party split in two: War Democrats who stood behind Lincoln, and ___________, or Peace Democrats, who were sympathetic to the Confederacy and urged for an immediate end to the war.

Copperheads

What was the most common ways that soldiers dealt with the boredom of camp life?

Writing

While not allowed, what would enemy soldiers trade with one another?

Confederate soldiers prized northern newspapers and coffee; Northerners wanted tobacco

What famous poem was set to a melody and sang by Union soldiers, implying Union success?

“Battle Hymn of the Republic” by Julia Ward Howe

What declaration, issued by Lincoln in 1862 and put into effect on January 1, 1863, freed enslaved people in areas under Confederate control?

Emancipation Proclamation

Did this end slavery?

No

Where did the majority of United States Colored Troops (USCT) serve?

Behind the lines as garrison forces, performing non combat roles.

How many Black soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Civil War?

15

Which Confederate major general was killed by friendly fire during the Battle of Chancellorsville?

“Stonewall” Jackson

Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania in the summer of 1863, which led to what famous Civil War battle?

Gettysburg

The fall of what Confederate city at the hands of Ulysses S. Grant led to the split of the Confederacy in two?

Vicksburg

In 1863, Lincoln called for military conscription… which is _________.

Selective service (draft)

What were the requirements to avoid the draft for Union soldiers? Confederate soldiers?

Pay $300; own 20 or more enslaved laborers

Through spring 1863, consistent food shortages in the South led to female mobs protesting food shortages and rampant inflation through the Confederate South.

Bread riots

Name two female spies during the Civil War, and identify which side she was on.

Rose O’Neal Greenhow (Confederacy); Elizabeth “Crazy Bet” Van Lew (Union)

Union commander Benjamin Butler made this infamous order to arrest all rebellious women in New Orleans as prostitutes.

General Order Number 28

Lincoln did not think he would win reelection in 1864, but what pushed him over the top in victory?

William Sherman’s capture of Atlanta

Following the capture of Atlanta, Sherman conducted what operation?

March to the Sea

What all was destroyed in his path?

Infrastructure; roads, railroads, salted the earth to prevent agriculture from regrowing, burning cities

Which amendment was drafted during the war, but was approved after?

Thirteenth Amendment

Since the Emancipation Proclamation only abolished slavery in rebel states, what was passed to free the rest of them?

Thirteenth Amendment

What was Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan?

Ten percent plan; once ten percent of a state’s voting population had taken an oath of loyalty to the US, they would be readmitted into the Union.

What caused Reconstruction to change?

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth

Who was the next President?

Andrew Johnson

What was Johnson’s Reconstruction plan?

Required southern states to void ordinances of secession, refuse their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment

Southern states passed laws to regulate Black behavior and impose social and economic control.

Black Codes

What did these laws do?

Forbade African Americans from serving on juries or in state militias, refused to recognize Black testimony against white people, locked many into exploitative farming contracts.

Black Codes and mob violence led Republicans to call for a more radical Reconstruction, which included efforts to define all American-born residents as citizens, which was what?

Civil Rights Act of 1866

To ensure that the Civil Rights Act was constitutional, they added it to the Constitution, passing which constitutional amendment?

Fourteenth Amendment

What all does this amendment protect?

Guarantees birthright citizenship and “equal protection” under the law

Which Supreme court case was overturned by the Fourteenth amendment?

Dred Scott decision

Johnson opposed the 14th and the Civil Rights Act, and vetoed the bill, which was overridden. These “Radical Republicans” then passed the Reconstruction Act, which did what?

Dissolved state governments and divided the South into five military districts.

What were the new terms under the Reconstruction Act?

States would have to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, write new constitutions enfranchising African Americans, and abolish repressive “Black Codes” before rejoining the union.

What happened next with Johnson?

Impeached, but not convicted

What amendment grants universal men’s suffrage (right to vote for African American men)?

Fifteenth amendment

Southern elections were powered by three major groups: Black voters, and these other two groups.

Carpetbaggers: northerners who traveled to the south during Reconstruction. Scalawags: white Republicans in the South

Who were the first two African American Senators in the federal government?

Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce

The main purpose of _________ was to redistribute lands to formerly enslaved people that had been abandoned and confiscated by the federal government.

Freedmen’s Bureau

To ensure crops would be harvested, many freedmen went back to their enslavers and signed contracts whereas they would work the fields in exchange for payment. What was this system called?

Sharecropping

Oftentimes, freedmen did not have their own tools, so they would have to rent tools from the former enslaver. What was this called?

Tenant farming

What was the failure of sharecropping?

Often, the sharecroppers were never paid enough money to save up and be able to pay back their rent and would be stuck in this cycle.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed what group to support the right to vote for women?

National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)

The NWSA rallied around this strategy, interpreting the Constitution as already guaranteeing women the right to vote.

The New Departure

Following the defeat of the New Departure in the Supreme Court in 1875, Elizabeth Cady Stanton replaced the ideal of universal suffrage with arguments about women bringing virtue to the polls. This argument often hinged on what reality?

Racism; declaring the necessity of white women to keep black men in check

What was the “Lost Cause” narrative?

Rewrite the history of the antebellum South to deemphasize the brutality of slavery. They also created the myth that the Civil War was fought over states’ rights instead of slavery, which was the actual cause.

What organizations perpetuated the Lost Cause narratives?

Ladies’ Memorial Associations

What were the three major forms of racial violence during the Reconstruction period?

Riots, interpersonal fights, organized vigilante groups

Where were the two most notable Reconstruction race riots?

Memphis and New Orleans, both 1866

Who initiated these conflicts?

White conservatives, in reaction to Republican rallies or elections where Black men would vote

White men beat or shot Black men with relative impunity, and did so over minor squabbles. How were they held accountable?

Often never prosecuted by state courts

What were the two nicknames for vigilante groups?

Nightriders and bushwhackers

Why were they called “nightriders”?

Operated under cover of darkness and wore disguises to curtail Black political involvement.

What was the most infamous vigilante group of the Reconstruction era?

Ku Klux Klan

What did the federal government pass in response to violence of these vigilante groups?

Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871; made it criminal to deprive African Americans of their civil rights.

What northern Civil War strategy prevented the Confederacy from financing the war?

Anaconda Plan; Union’s blockade of the Atlantic

What was the nation’s first fiat currency created by Congress in late 1861?

Greenbacks

Planters broke up large farms into smaller plots tended by single families in exchange for a portion of the crop, a system called ___________.

Sharecropping

The time period of Southern deep poverty lasted from the war and Reconstruction until WHEN?

New Deal of the 1930s

Which wartime law helped create colleges such as the University of California, the University of Illinois, the University of Wisconsin, the University of Florida and Florida A&M University?

Morrill Land Grant

Which wartime act, meant to open the West to small farmers, was often frustrated by railroad corporations and speculators?

Homestead Act

Wartime economy brought together the relationship between the government and business elite, which led to corruption and eventually what happened on September 24, 1869?

Black Friday; markets crashed

Due to that event, which led to the Depression of 1873, how did this lead to the end of Reconstruction?

Economic issues took precedence over Reconstruction as the foremost issue on the national political agenda

Which group of Republicans turned the party’s focus away from the idealism of civil rights and shifted it towards economics in the early 1870s?

Stalwart Republicans

New Departure Democrats gained strength by distancing themselves from pro-slavery Democrats and Copperheads. Their focus was on business, economics, political corruption, and trade. In the South, they were called _________________.

Redeemers

What was the “Compromise of 1877”?

Democrats conceded the Presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes on the condition that all remaining troops would be removed from the South and the South would receive special economic favors.