PERIOD 4

Universal Male Suffrage

Universal Male Suffrage

Voting rights expanded to all adult white men.

Political Nominating Conventions

Party members select candidates at conventions.

Popular Election of the President

People vote for electors, not state legislatures.

Election of 1824

Controversial election leading to Adams' presidency.

Presidency of John Quincy Adams

Known for qualified appointments, causing party tension.

Revolution of 1828

Shift to Jacksonian Democracy and common man politics.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh President, War of 1812 hero.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson's victory against British forces in 1815.

Election of 1824 Controversy

House of Representatives chose president due to no majority.

Henry Clay's Influence

Supported Adams, became Secretary of State.

Expansion of Suffrage

Eased voting requirements during Adams' presidency.

Election of 1828 Candidates

Jackson vs. Adams marked by personal attacks.

Jackson's Electoral Victory

Jackson won 178 electoral votes to Adams' 83.

Democratic Party Emergence

Jackson's victory marked rise of Democratic Party.

Spoils System

Government jobs given to political supporters.

Political Activism

Increased participation from common people post-1828.

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement emphasizing common man's role.

Era of Good Feelings

Period before the Revolution of 1828.

Major General

Rank awarded to Jackson for military success.

Cotton Production Boom

Increased land acquisition led to economic growth.

Political Corruption

Patronage led to self-serving government appointments.

Mud-slinging Campaigns

Personal attacks characterized the 1828 election.

Voting Population Expansion

More voters required candidates to address common concerns.

Common Man

Jackson portrayed himself as representative of ordinary citizens.

Incumbent President Loss

Adams became second incumbent to lose re-election.

Electoral College

Body that formally elects the President.

Political Landscape Shift

Election of 1824 marked a change in politics.

Democratic Ideals

Increased participation and representation in politics.

Political Party System

Transition from one-party to two-party system.

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights inherent to all individuals.

Tariffs of Abominations

Series of tariffs protecting Northern industries.

Tariff of 1828

First tariff labeled 'Tariff of Abominations'.

Sectional Divide

Growing tensions between Northern and Southern states.

John C. Calhoun

Jackson's vice president who supported states' rights.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict over states' rights to nullify federal laws.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Calhoun's document advocating for nullification.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Tariff reducing rates to ease tensions.

Force Bill

Authorized military action to enforce federal laws.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the National Bank opposed by Jackson.

Pet Banks

State banks receiving federal deposits under Jackson.

Specie Circular

Mandated land purchases in gold or silver.

Panic of 1837

Severe financial crisis caused by multiple factors.

Peggy Eaton

Wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, faced social rejection.

Kitchen Cabinet

Informal group advising Jackson outside official cabinet.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Law facilitating Native American relocation to the West.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokees, resulting in many deaths.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Supreme Court case affirming Cherokee status.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court decision favoring Cherokee sovereignty.

The Veto President

Jackson's nickname for extensive use of veto power.

Second Party System

Political shift leading to emergence of Democrats and Whigs.

Democrats

Political party advocating limited federal government.

Whigs

Political party led by Henry Clay opposing Jackson.

Economic Recession

Decline in economic activity following Panic of 1837.

Bank Failures

Collapse of banks during the financial crisis.

Counter-Protection

Southern response to Northern tariffs harming their economy.

Federal Military Arms

Government forces authorized to enforce federal laws.

Land Values

Economic worth of land, affected by market demand.

Cotton Economy

Economic system reliant on cotton production.

Strict Interpretation

Belief in literal Constitution adherence.

States' Rights

Emphasis on state power over federal authority.

Henry Clay

Leader of the Whig Party advocating modernization.

National Bank

Federal institution for managing currency and credit.

Indian Removal Act

Law facilitating Native American relocation westward.

Hard Money Policy

Economic strategy favoring gold and silver currency.

Texas Annexation

Controversial admission of Texas as a state.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition of territory from France.

Mexican-American War

Conflict leading to U.S. territorial expansion.

Democracy

System emphasizing self-government and individual liberty.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement promoting reason and progress.

Slavery

Institution of forced labor primarily in the South.

Plantation System

Agricultural system relying on slave labor.

Industry

Economic sector focused on manufacturing and production.

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to industrialization.

James Fenimore Cooper

Author known for establishing American literary tradition.

Washington Irving

Writer contributing to American folklore and literature.

Thomas Cole

Painter known for American landscape art.

Asher Durand

Artist associated with the Hudson River School.

Robert Mills

Architect known for American neoclassical designs.

Thomas Ustick Walter

Architect recognized for his contributions to American architecture.

Irish Immigrants

Migrants fleeing famine and poverty in Ireland.

Roman Catholic Discrimination

Prejudice faced by Irish immigrants in America.

German Immigrants

Skilled migrants escaping economic hardship and revolution.

Nativism

Opposition to immigration based on native-born interests.

Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner

Anti-foreign society formed in the 1840s.

Liberal Ideas

Concepts of democracy and individual rights from Europe.

Romanticism

Artistic movement emphasizing emotion and nature.

William Cullen Bryant

Poet associated with Romanticism and nature themes.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poet known for his contributions to American literature.

Hudson River School

First American art school focusing on nature.

Transcendentalism

19th-century philosophy emphasizing intuition and spirituality.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Key transcendentalist figure promoting self-reliance.

Self-Reliance

Emerson's essay advocating trust in personal intuition.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist who wrote 'Walden' on simplicity.

Walden: Or Life in the Woods

Thoreau's account of living simply in nature.

Civil Disobedience

Thoreau's principle of resisting unjust laws.

Utopia

Ideal community formed by withdrawing from society.

Shakers

Religious group advocating communal living and celibacy.

Mother Ann Lee

Founder of the Shakers, believed in sexual equality.

Celibacy

Abstinence from marriage and sexual relations.

Christ's Second Coming

Belief in imminent return of Christ among Shakers.