human rights

Define 'Human rights'.

Basic rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings, to which all people are entitled without discrimination.

Define 'Human rights norms'.

Established customary behaviour based on moral principles and ways of living inculcated into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time.

Define 'Intervention'.

Actions of a state, group of states or international organisations in a foreign territory to end gross violations of human rights. This includes military force, economic sanctions and the assistance of NGO's.

Define 'Geopolitics'.

A term used in the early 20th century in the 'Heartland' work of Sir Halford Mackinder. Refers to ways in which geographical factors were (and are) central in shaping international politics.

Describe the distribution of human rights violations.

-Highest in SSA (sub-Saharan Africa) and Southern Asia -Lowest in Western Europe, North America and Oceania -Scandinavia lowest overall

State the distribution of forced labour.

-Lowest in the developed world -Highest in Africa, India and Russia -DRC has one of the highest overall

Describe the distribution of MMR (Maternal mortality rate).

-Developing countries have a higher MMR with Africa being the highest continent -Europe has the lowest rate as a continent -Lower in northern hemisphere than southern

Describe the distribution of Capital Punishment.

-None in South America or Northern Europe and Russia. Mainly east Africa and Asian countries. China has the highest followed by Iran

State factors that influence global variations of maternal mortality.

-Development: More developed countries have better healthcare so MMR is lower -Education: More educated families and mothers will be more aware of how to deal with childbirth -War: Mothers in areas of conflict are more likely to die

State factors that influence global variations of forced labour.

-Development: LIDC's have less policing and national security forces so it is easier to get away with slavery -Corruption: Corrupt governments may sponsor or run forced labour camps -Conflict: War often leads to forced labour on civilians or POW's (Prisoners of war)

State the factors that influence global variations of capital punishment.

-Corruption: Corruption can lead to unfair trials and judicial systems so death penalty rulings may be unjust -Level of crime needed;: The level of crime required to receive the DP varies from country to country -Is it still used: Many countries have abolished the death penalty

What is gender inequality?

The unequal treatment or discrimination of someone based on their gender

List economical, political and social factors that explain variations in global gender inequality.

-Unequal education access: In developing countries, education systems tend to favour males over females (Especially at secondary level) -Access to reproductive health services: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is higher in developing countries. Many girls also face early marriage and childbirth forcing them out of employment or education -Employment Opportunity: Varies from country to country with some being female-dominated labour forces and others male. Affected by social norms, cultural beliefs, education and social acceptance

State a country where gender inequality is high (Case study).

India

For a named country state the gender inequality issues it faces.

INDIA: -Violence against women -Modern slavery -Property ownership -Workplace discrimination -Political participation -Employment -Health care -Education

What are the consequences of gender inequality in a named society.

INDIA: -8,233 dowry-related deaths in 2012 -Women are often used as methods to obtain property and other assets through marriage by certain men -Women risk being subject to honour killings -Low income and education leads to poor maternal health so higher MMR and IMR -Male-dominated population due to female abortions

In an area you have studied, what is evidence of changing norms when it comes to gender equality.

INDIA: -India has joined a variety of UN committees to try and combat the issue -Education incentives in smaller communities to try increase female education rates -New laws against female discrimination including sexual harassment and domestic violence

How can human rights violations cause conflict?

-Accumulation of violations often lead to populations wanting a 'revolution' or new government which leads to civil wars -Large violations leading to global military interventions -Denial of food, water and housing -Lack of freedom of speech -Unrepresentative or corrupt government -Genocide and torture

How can the violation of human rights be a consequence of conflict

-High levels of mortality -Damage to property -Lack of basic resources like food and water -'Ethnic cleansing' -Governments/rebels will do what they want to win