[ 2MID ] Chemistry - Main

Solubility

a measurement of how much of a substance will dissolve in a given volume of a liquid

Pressure and Temperature

What does the solubility of a gas depend on?

Temperature

What does the solubility of a solid depend on?

More Soluble

What happens to solids as temperature increases?

More Soluble

What happens to gases as pressure increases?

Less Soluble

What happens to gases as temperature increases?

Solubility Curves

represent solubility in g per 100 g of water plotted against temperature

Saturated Solution

• when the amount of solute dissolved is equal to the maximum amount the   solvent can dissolve at a specific temperature

• the amount dissolved is equal to the solubility

• adding a solute or salt crystal will not anymore be dissolved no matter how much stirring will be done

• using the solubility curve: points ON the curve

Unsaturated Solution

• A solution which contains a lesser amount of solute than is required to saturate it at a particular temperature

• has the ability to dissolve more solute to become a saturated solution.

Supersaturated Solution

• On heating the saturated solution develops the capacity to dissolve further solute in it.

• The solution contains more solute than the saturated solution due to heating.

Concentration

A measure of the mass or amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent or solution.

Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution x 100

Percent by Mass

Volume of Solute / Volume of Solution x 100

Percent by Volume

G of Solute / mL of Solution x 100

Percent by Mass-Volume

X1 = n1 / n1+n2

Molar Fraction

Mol of Solute / L of Solution

Molarity

Mol of Solute / kg of Solvent

Molality

Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution x 10^6

ppm (parts per million)

Heated

A saturated solution only becomes supersaturated when it becomes…?

Solution

A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.

Concentrated

A solution in which the amount of solute dissolved is more compared to the amount of solvent.

Diluted

A solution in which there is a relatively small amount of solute dissolved in the solution.

Electrolyte

Substances that give ions when dissolved in water

Nonelectrolyte

substances that do not have any distinct ionic form to exist in when they are dissolved in an aqueous solution.

Colligative Properties

These are the physical changes that result from adding solute to a solvent.

Freezing Point Depression

a drop in the maximum temperature at which a substance freezes, caused when a smaller amount of another, non-volatile substance is added.

Freezing Point

the temperature at which the liquid changes to a solid.

0 degrees Celsius

What is the freezing point of pure water?

Lowers

What happens to the temperature of water when solute is added?

Boiling Point Elevation

The phenomenon where the boiling point of a liquid increases when a non-volatile solute is added to it. This happens because the solute particles interfere with the escape of solvent molecules into the gas phase, requiring a higher temperature to reach the boiling point.

Boiling Point

the temperature at which the substance transitions from a liquid to the gaseous phase.

100 degrees Celsius

What is the boiling point of pure water?

Vapor Pressure

A measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapour state, and it increases with temperature.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

The addition of a nonvolatile solute, which has little tendency to evaporate, results in a lowering of the vapor pressure of the solvent. The lowering of the vapor pressure depends on the number of solute particles that have been dissolved, not the chemical nature of the solute.

Osmotic Pressure

causes water to move into the solution with the highest concentration. The equation for osmotic pressure is pi=iMRT. The higher the concentration (M) or the temperature (T) of a solution, the higher the osmotic pressure.

Osmotic Pressure Elevation

This refers to the increase in osmotic pressure when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent. This occurs because solute particles create a concentration difference, drawing solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane to equalize concentrations.

Mass / Molar Mass

Give the formula for Mole to Mass Conversion (or vice versa)

1.86 degrees Celsius

The freezing point depression constant for water

0.512 degrees Celsius

The boiling point elevation constant of water

A

A

A

B

A

C