DNA Sequencing and Profiling

Flashcards summarizing key concepts related to DNA sequencing and profiling based on lecture notes.

What is genetic testing?

A medical test to detect specific alleles, mutations, genotypes, or karyotypes associated with heritable traits, diseases, or predispositions to disease.

What does molecular genetic testing identify?

Single genes or short DNA lengths and variations/mutations that lead to gene disorders.

How is DNA amplified in PCR?

By adding a DNA sample, primers, and other chemicals in cycles of heating and cooling, doubling the number of DNA fragment copies at each cycle.

What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?

Short DNA regions that frequently appear throughout the genome, useful for generating unique DNA profiles in forensics.

What is the purpose of using restriction enzymes in genetic testing?

To identify specific alleles by recognizing short sequences of bases and cutting DNA at different sites.

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

To separate DNA fragments based on size after they have been amplified and treated.

What is the difference between conventional and molecular cytogenetic testing?

Conventional cytogenetic testing detects large abnormalities in chromosomes using karyotyping, while molecular cytogenetic testing (FISH) detects specific DNA sequences.

What is the function of biochemical genetic testing?

To study the amount or activity level of certain proteins, with abnormalities indicating mutations in DNA.

How is DNA profiling utilized in forensic science?

To distinguish individuals based on their unique DNA, leveraging variations in non-coding sections, specifically STRs.

What ethical concerns are associated with DNA sampling?

Issues regarding privacy, consent for sample collection, and the handling of DNA after legal proceedings.