Parts of Speech

The parts of speech are the basic building blocks of the English language.

A ___ is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea.

Noun

___ are names used for specific individuals, places, or organizations. They always start with a capital letter.

Proper nouns

___ are used to name general items, not specific ones.

Common nouns

___ are things that you can experience through your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.

Concrete nouns

In contrast to ____, ____ are things you can’t perceive through your five senses. They often name concepts, feelings, or ideas.

(concrete nouns) abstract nouns

___ refer to a group of people or things as a single whole.

Collective nouns

___ represent more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Plural nouns

___ are words that we use in place of nouns in a sentence to avoid repetition and make the sentence easier to understand.

Pronouns

___ represent specific people or things. They can be in the first person (I, we), second person (you), or third person (he, she, it, they).

Personal pronouns

___ show ownership.

Possessive pronouns

____ refer back to the subject of the sentence and end in ‘self’ or ‘selves.’

Reflexive pronouns

___ introduce a clause that provides more information about noun.

Relative pronouns

___ points to and identify a noun or a pronoun.

Demonstrative pronouns

___ are used to ask questions.

Interrogative pronouns

A ___ is a word that expresses an action or state of being.

verb

This refers to the base form of a verb, usually with the word “to” in front of it, such as “to run,” “to eat,” “to study.” The ___ form of a verb is used after many verbs, adjectives and nouns, or to express purpose or intention.

infinitive

These are verbs that are used to link the subject of a sentence to an adjective, noun, or phrase that describes or identifies the subject. The most common ___ verb is “to be,” but others include “seem,” become,” “appear,” “feel,” and “grow.” They are often followed by adjectives, not adverbs.

Copulative

We use this tense for regular actions or events, facts, and habits.

simple present (Present Simple)

We use this tense to talk about completed actions or states in the past.

simple past (Past Simple)

We use this tense to predict or decide to do something in the future.

simple future (Future Simple)

We use this tense to talk about ongoing actions happening now or around now.

present continuous (present progressive)

We use this tense for actions that were ongoing at a specific time in the past.

past continuous (past progressive)

We use this tense for actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.

future continuous (future progressive)

We use this tense for actions or states that started in the past and continue to the present, or actions completed at an unspecified time in the past.

Present Perfect (Perfect Present)

We use this tense for actions or states that were completed before another action or state in the past.

past perfect (past anterior)

We use this tense for actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.

future perfect (perfect future)

We use this tense for actions that started in the past and continues to the past and continue to the present, emphasizing their duration.

Present Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive)

We use this tense for actions that were ongoing over a period up to a certain point in the past.

Past Perfect Continuous (Past Perfect Progressive)

We use this tense for actions that will be ongoing up to a certain point in the future.

Future Perfect Continuous (Future Perfect Progressive)

___ are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. They provide more information about people, places, and things.

Adjectives

___ describe the characteristics and qualities of nouns.

Descriptive adjectives

___ tell us the quantity of something.

Quantitative adjectives

___ point out and identify a noun or a pronoun.

Demonstrative adjectives

____ show possession or ownership.

Possessive adjectives

____ are words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other ____, providing more information about the action, quality, or manner. They answer questions like how, when, where, how much, and in what way.

Adverbs, adverbs

____ describe how an action is done.

Adverbs of manner

____ describe where the action is happening.

Adverbs of place

____ tell us when an action happens or its duration.

Adverbs of time

____ tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, adjective, or another ____.

Adverbs of degree (adverb)

____ tell us how often something happens.

Adverbs of frequency

The position of an adverb can change the meaning of the sentence. An adverb can be placed at the ____, ____, or ____ of the sentence.

beginning, middle, or end

____ are words that show relationships between other words in a sentence. They can indicate time, place, direction, and more.

Prepositions

____ are words that link words, phrases, or clauses together, making sentences smoother and more complex.

Conjuctions

____ are words like “and”, “but”, “or”, “so”, “yet”, and “for”. They join words, phrases, or clauses that are grammatically equal.

Coordinating conjunctions

____ are words like “although”, “because”, “since”, “unless”, and “while”. They connect a dependent clause (a group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence) to an independent clause (a group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence).

Subordinating conjunctions

____ work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. They include “either/or”, “neither/nor”, “both/and”, “not only/but also”, and “whether/or”.

Correlative conjunctions

By using conjunctions, you can create ____ sentences (two independent clauses joined by a conjunction) or ____ sentences (an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses).

(compound, complex) Compound and Complex Sentences