History Paper 2 - Topic 2

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Define the term central government

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66 Terms

1

Define the term central government

The term used to describe how the country as a whole was governed

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2

Define the term centralisation

The process of giving particular areas of gov into the hands of specific gov departments and their ministers

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3

Define the term delegation

the transfer of responsibility for specific tasks from one person to another

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4

Define the term patronage

the right of a person (such as Henry) to appoint someone to a job or role

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5

What 2 areas of government was Henry particularly interested in?

Law and finance

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6

Henry was an itinerant king – what does this mean?

He travelled around his territories, rather than remaining in one place all the time

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7

Approximately for how much of his reign was Henry present in England?

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8

What were the 3 main central institutions of government?

The decision-making body, the law, and finance

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9

What was the name of the decision-making body?

The king’s court or the curia regis

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10

Which 2 departments were responsible for the law?

Chancery and the bench

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11

Which department was responsible for finance?

The exchequer

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12

What did the curia regis do?

Made important decisions of national importance, such as laws, taxes and going to war

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13

Approximately how many times a year would it meet….and how many people would the king invite?

2-3 times a year; c. 30 people

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14

In what ways did the curia regis change over Henry’s reign?

Less traditional barons were called; more gov ministers were called; experts in law and finance; men who were loyal to Henry; it became more professional, effective and efficient

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15

Who was the most important gov official…and what did he do?

The justiciar; he took care of the day-to-day running of the country in Henry’s absence; he oversaw the curia regis, law and finance; he was the main point of contact between the crown and the barons

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16

Who were the 2 famous justiciars Henry appointed?

Richard de Lucy and Robert Beaumont (earl of Leicester)

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17

What was the chancellor responsible for?

The department of chancery which took care of the king’s written documents

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18

Who was the famous chancellor whom Henry appointed at the start of his reign?

Thomas Becket

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19

Which government minister was responsible for finance…and who were the first 2 appointed?

The treasurer: Nigel bishop of Ely (up to 1160), then Richard fitzNigel

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20

Danegeld also known as the geld

A tax collected on the amount of land owned

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21

Tallage

A tax collected by a lord (such as the king) from his tenant

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22

Scutage

A tax collected for each knight NOT supplied to the king

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23

Reliefs

A tax paid for inheriting land

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24

Wardships

Money paid to Henry for the right to look after the lands of an underage heir

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25

Advowsons

Money paid to Henry for the right to appoint someone to a church job

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26

Dona

Gifts of money to the king for special occasions

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27

The royal demesne

The lands belonging to the king

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28

Purpresture

The practice of barons taking over crown lands

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29

Escheat

Lands where the landowner died without an heir

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30

The farm

What happened to the average farm income of the shires during Henry’s reign?

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31

What happened to the average farm income of the shires during Henry’s reign?

It rose from c. £5,000 to c. £6,500

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32

What did Henry do to the coins in 1158 and 1180?

Had them reminted

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33

What did Henry do to the number of royal mints?

Reduced them from 47 to 10

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34

Where was the exchequer based?

Winchester

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35

How many times a year did the sheriffs come to the exchequer?

2

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36

What were pipe rolls?

Documents which kept details of the monies brought by the sheriffs

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37

How did the 1170 Inquest of the Sheriffs improve the financial system?

More loyal, trustworthy men were appointed; it cut down on bribery and corruption

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38

Name the book which Richard fitzNigel wrote.

The Dialogue of the Exchequer

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39

How much did Henry’s overall income increase?

From c. £10,000 a year to c. £23,000; it more than doubled

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40

Common law

Law which is common throughout the whole kingdom and based

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41

The Assize of Clarendon

The meeting at which Henry introduced fundamental changes to the legal system, bringing in common law

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42

An eyre

Name for the area a judge toured round

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43

Justices-in-eyre/itinerant judges

Name given to the travelling judges

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44

A jury of presentment

A group of 12 men whom the sheriff would ask to find out if there were any serious crimes to investigate

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45

The Assize of Northampton

The meeting at which Henry confirmed the using of common law; plus brought in some extra features

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46

Novel disseisin

A legal action for recovering possession of land that has been wrongfully taken.

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47

Mort d’ancestor

A procedure whereby someone could bring a case to court if they felt someone had taken land they should have inherited

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48

The King’s Bench

Name given to the 5 permanent judges sitting at Westminster

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49

Chief justiciars

The title of these judges

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50

Standardised writs

A short, written document which could be bought by any free person, ordering the sheriff to investigate a possible crime – most often about land

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51

Precedence

The practice of making a judgement in court based on previous similar cases

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52

The Treatise

Book written by Ranulf de Glanvill about how the legal system worked

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53

What extra powers were sheriffs given under the Assize of Clarendon?

Suspects could be arrested anywhere

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54

In what ways was the Assize of Clarendon a turning point in the legal system?

A uniform and common system was now used throughout the whole country; everyone was now treated the same in the eyes of the law; local variation and custom were gone

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55

Why were the procedures of novel disseisin and mort d’ancestor so popular?

Any free person could bring a case to court about land – a new feature

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56

Where was the permanent chief court and chancery now based?

Westminster

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57

Who was Henry’s main legal adviser in the 1170s and 80s?

Ranulf de Glanvill

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58

Central gov became more centralised. Give 2 examples of this in each area: a. decision-making

The curia regis continued to make decisions of national significance, so no real change; however, its membership evolved to include more gov ministers and specialists in law and finance; its decision-making became more informed and effective.

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59

Central gov became more centralised. Give 2 examples of this in each area: b. finance

The exchequer was re-introduced in Winchester and took control of the country’s finances; a logical, transparent and efficient system was introduced; sheriffs from every shire had to appear; new personnel were introduced including the staff at Winchester as well as new sheriffs (thanks to various Inquests); Henry’s yearly income more than doubled from c. £10,000 to c. £23,000

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60

Central gov became more centralised. Give 2 examples of this in each area: c. the law

Common law was introduced thanks to the Assize of Clarendon; justices in eyre and a permanent bench were both introduced + new sheriffs; new common procedures were brought in: standardised writs, novel disseisin and mort d’ancestor

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61

For how much of his reign was Henry absent?

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62

Henry used his powers of patronage to delegate heavily as he was away from England so much. In each area, state who Henry delegated to run: The curia regis and oversee the day-to-day business of government

The justiciars – most famously Richard de Lucy and Robert Beaumont

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63

Henry used his powers of patronage to delegate heavily as he was away from England so much. In each area, state who Henry delegated to run: The financial system

The treasurer – first Nigel of Ely, then Richard fitzNigel

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64

Henry used his powers of patronage to delegate heavily as he was away from England so much. In each area, state who Henry delegated to run: Chancery and the bench

Chancery – most famously T Becket. The bench – de Lucy and Beaumont

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65

Name 3 ways Henry exercised more political power over the barons.

Developments in the law, such as increase of writs + new procedures (novel disseisin etc); increased power of judges + sheriffs; the Cartae Baronum in 1166; the Inquests into Sheriffs; the Assize of Arms 1181

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66

Name 3 ways Henry exercised more economic power over the barons.

Reassessed taxes eg tallage, reliefs warships etc; seized back royal lands + increased the farm; increased control over the coinage; the exchequer more effectively collected and recorded taxation; new sheriffs

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