Musculoskeletal (test 2)

Part of final review

Spongy bone contains __

red marrow

What vitamins/minerals are needed for healthy bones?

• calcium

• phosphorus

• magnesium

• vitamin K

What is the measurement of ROM in a joint called?

goniometry

• measured in degrees

Arthrocentesis

extraction of fluid to stop swelling or for analysis

Arthroscopy

endoscope (camera) to look at inside of joint

Ankylosis

result of injury where tissues of joint are replaced by bone overgrowth

• Passive ROM to prevent

• positioning changes to prevent

How many times per day should ROM be done?

3-4

Isometric exercises

generating tension between two muscles

• contra in patients with ICP, htn, CHF

When should pain meds be given before exercise/ROM?

30-60 min before

Patient teaching for crutches

• straighten elbows and wrists

• elbow at 30 degree angle

• when walking up stairs place good leg on step, then bring bad leg and crutches up next (repeat)

• when walking down stairs: good leg and crutches onto step, then bring bad leg down

Patient teaching for a cane

• used on good side

• elbow bent at 30 degrees

• cane advanced at same time as affected leg

Preventing contractures

Regular stretching

• foot drop and wrist drop occur with prolonged immobility

Roto rest bed

Turns patient about 300 times each day

Sprain

partial or complete tearing of ligament

• Tx by RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)

• apply ice 10-20 min every 1-2 hr immediately after injury and for 24-72 hrs after

Strain

• pulling or overuse of a muscle or tendon

• ice

Bursitis

• inflammation of the bursae (structures that line joints)

Carpal tunnel

• occurs when median nerve is compressed in wrist

• tx by rest and splinting, sometimes injection of cortisone

Internal vs external fixation

Internal = pins, nails and screws inside the body External = device outside the body that is attached to pins and screws in the bones

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone

Fat embolism

Rare complication of a fracture not healing

• fat breaks off and causes clot

Compartment syndrome

Restriction of blood flow to one or more muscle compartments

Fasciotomy

Cut into the muscle to relieve swelling of extremity

Care of patient with a cast

• Elevate for 24-48 hrs to reduce swelling

• direct 60 mL of air under cast to relieve itching

Lyme disease

• usually caused by tick bite

• bullseye rash

• needs antibiotics

Osteoarthritis

• non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease

• caused by breakdown of cartilage in synovial joints

• moist heat my help

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

• inflammatory disease

• no known cause

• contractures and deformity can occur

Medications for rheumatoid arthritis

• NSAIDS

• Corticosteroids

• disease modifying antirheumatic drugs

Arthroplasty

joint replacement

Abduction wedge

• used after hip replacement to prevent dislocation

• placed in between legs

• check circulation to legs

• ensure hips are not flexed beyond 90 degrees s

Gout

Arthritis of the joint

• caused by high serum levels of uric acid

• more common with high protein diets

Osteoporosis

• Makes someone more susceptible to fractures

• decrease in bone mass

Osteopenia

• low bone mass

• before osteoporosis

Paget disease

• abnormal bone resorption

• bone is weak and prone to fractures