psy 334 exam 3

dating scripts

culturally defined expectations for how one should behave in a dating context

sexual scripts

socially constructed rules and norms we follow for how to behave sexually

women are expected to

\-be subordinate and receptive

\-service and pleasure men

\-hold an emotional, relationship-centric view of sexuality

men are expected to

\-have a strong, dominant sexual presence

\-be sexually skilled

\-make female partners orgasm

\-engage in recreational sex

romantic ideology

\-beliefs that love is all you need, true love lasts

\-used to justify horrible acts such as stalking

\-harmful, heterosexual, male-dominated script

double standard

endorses different sexual behavior for the same sexual behavior of men and women, women are sanctioned, men are celebrated

hooking up

sexual activity between two people not in a romantic relationship

casual sex scripts

netflix and chill, friends with benefits, fuck buddy, booty call

sexual scripts across cultures

\-differences due to race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.

\-romantic love is viewed differently

\-cultural beliefs about sex and romance

sexual aggression

male-dominant, aggressive initiator role may be taken to an extreme, not taking no for an answer

roles set framework for misunderstanding

men assume women will limit sexual activity in her role, may interpret “no” as token resistance and not take it seriously

token resistance

when a woman says no but actually wants to engage in sex

consent culture

where yes and no can be offered as honest answers

suppression of desire

females have less permission to experience sexual joy, desire to please vs their own desires

body shaming

due to the objectification of women

male initiation

female not being effectively aroused before initiation can cause clinical dysfunction (vaginismus)

silencing girls sexuality

girls learn that sexuality is taboo, many parents contribute by not discussing sex or by mislabeling parts of the female body

changes in sexual behaviors in last 50 years

\-more teens having intercourse outside of marriage

\-increase has been greater for girls

\-first intercourse is occurring at an earlier age on average

strong predictor of sexual activity

perceived level of sexual activity of their best friends

predictors of early sexual activity

\-early puberty

\-low self-esteem

\-poor familial relationships

\-exposure to substances

\-often associated with guilt and pain

delaying sexual initiation

parental caring in teens, controlling behavior is less effective

safer sex

belief that peers engage in riskier behavior than what is actually reported

sexual scripts do not allow

women to negotiate condom use or other safer sex practices, consequence of increased risk of unwanted pregnancies and STIs

AIDs epidemic

\-38 million people worldwide are affected

\-almost half are women

\-in US, women are 19% of new HIV cases

research on orgasms

suggests descriptions of orgasms and experiences are similar for women and men, however men achieve orgasm more consistently

androcentric, vaginal sex

prioritizes male pleasure, vaginal orgasms in women remain inconclusive

clitoral stimulation

most females require to achieve orgasm

masturbation

stimulating one’s own genitals or self-pleasuring, women are less likely to say they do it

men tend to report _______ sexual partners than women

more

research suggests that lesbian couples

\-tend to value nongenital physical contact

\-are more likely to experience orgasm

lesbianism as personal fulfillment

happy, proud, unashamed of their orientations

lesbianism in terms of love

falling in love with someone who happened to be a woman

being born this way

and resisting sexual labeling

as a cross to bear

sexuality as a weakness or sin

coming out

a process of acknowledging to oneself and others that one is LGBTQ+, a difficult and ongoing process

LCGTQ+ risks

low self-esteem, emotional isolations, dropping out, depression and suicide risk

family support

is crucial for LGBTQ+ individuals

stereotypes of bisexual orientation

just a phase, either really gay or straight, sexual promiscuity

sexual fluidity

changes that occur over time in some components of sexual orientation

intersection of race/ethnicity and sexuality

queer women are less likely to come out to family and face the intersection of racism and homophobia

majority of college students prefer

committed romantic relationships to hookup culture

survey results about hookups and respect

about half of college students said they would lose respect for an individual who hooks up a lot

online dating

\-easier to lie and misrepresent oneself

\-carefully crafted profiles

\-allows free talk and loosens gender restrictions

\-access to millions of potential partners

african american sexuality

often viewed as seductive and sexually available

latinas and sexuality

virginity is an important construct with regards to catholicism

machismo

men displaying manhood by being strong, sexual prowess, asserting authority over women

marianismo

women are expected to be sexually pure and controlled/submissive

asian american sexuality

often view sexuality as healthy and normal, but more conservative than other women

physical attractiveness and sexual desirability

important factor in romantic relationships, may only apply to hookups, less in steady relationships

disability and sexuality

\-many parents have low expectations of heterosexual involvement for daughters, see them as unfit

\-judged by their attractiveness against the able-bodied ideal

slang for intercourse

suggest something violent is being done rather than mutual pleasure

four common metaphors for sex

food, sports, animals, and war/violence

abstinence based sex education programs

heterosexual marriage as sole place for sexual expression

female genital mutilation

common practice in at least 28 african countries, as well as parts of asia and the middle east

clitoridectomy

removal of all or part of the clitoris

excision

cutting away the clitoris and parts of or all of the inner lips of the vulva

infibulation

sewing together the outer lips leaving only a small hole for passage of urine and menstrual blood

sexual subjectivity

awareness of one’s own sexual desires and responses, belief that one is entitled to sexual pleasure

controlling female sexuality

\-purify women

\-reduce their sexual desire

\-risking social disapproval

women who have experienced genital mutilation

135 million women today

marriage

a legal contract subject to state regulation

marriage and patriarchy

\-historically, wealth and titles only passed through male heirs

\-wife surrenders her own last name for husband’s

\-often still regarded as property of husband

who marries

\-90% of people

\-women tend to marry at younger age

\-average age is 25, later than it used to be

benefits of marrying later

\-finish job training, education, internships, etc.

\-get started in a career and secure financial support

\-have and explore relationships

gender differences in preferences

\-females tend to emphasize earning capacity, and older males

\-males tend to emphasize physical attractiveness, younger females

gender differences in mate preferences

decline as women gain more equality

varieties of marriage

classified based on the division of authority, spousal roles, and amount of companionship provided

traditional marriage

\-heterosexual

\-both the husband and wife agree that the husband should have greater authority

\-he is head of the household and retains veto power of decisions

\-she cares for the home and children

\-often endorsed by religious groups

modern marriage

\-spouses have a near peer relationship

\-wife works outside of the home

\-mutual agreement that her job is less important than the husband’s

\-emphasize companionship and togetherness

\-wives work a double shift, work at work, then work at home

egalitarian marriage

\-spouses have equal powers and authorities

\-share responsibilities without gender roles

\-post gender relationship

\-intimacy, companionship, and mutual respect

post gender relationship

moved beyond using gender to define their marital roles

fewer than _____ of dual-career couples share marital roles in egalitarian ways

1/3

myth of equality

heterosexual couples refusing to acknowledge how gender socialization have steered them to traditional roles

justifying marriage inequality

\-based on social structures that award higher status to men and where women are viewed as more nurturing

\-may be unable to change inequalities because dependent on husband’s income

redefining equality in unequal marriages by

\-focusing on abstract concepts such as mutual respect

\-comparing to less desirable situations

traditional gender ideology

emphasizes the value of distinctive roles for wife and husband, often related to religious attitudes

social exchange theory

the partner wo brings greater outside resources to a relationship should have more say and influence on said relationship

limitations of social exchange theory

focuses on economic exchange while ignoring symbolic value

marital satisfaction over time

a u shape, women more likely to become dissatisfied over time

marital satisfaction

married couples reported as being happier than single, divorced, widowed, and cohabiting people

why marital satisfaction

\-intrinsic benefit of social support, economic security, sexual partner, and basis for family

\-selection bias since more stable people are more likely to stay happy in marriage

birth of first child and decline in marital satisfaction

violations of expectancies of equal sharing, decline dips lowest with school ages children

children leave home and increase in marital satisfaction

financial burden reduced and more freedom and flexibility

marriage and psychological adjustment

associated with better psychological adjustment for both men and women, but benefits are greater for men since it’s related to balance of power

same sex couples in 2010

646,464, 332,887 lesbians

more than ___ same sex couples are interracial or interethnic

1/5

research and public assumed lesbians

take on heterosexual roles, findings show this is not true

lesbian relationships

feelings of companionship, equality, share leisure activities and household duties, reject gender roles

cohabitation

couples choosing to live together without being legally married, more than half of first marriages are preceded by living together

reasons to cohabitate

\-trial period to precede marriage

\-form of convenience rather than commitment

\-not ready for marriage or don’t believe in it

cohabiting couples

\-more liberal

\-more sexually experienced and active

\-less likely to be monogamous

\-high break-up rate

\-more likely to divorce once married

cohabitation break-up rate

more than half break-up within 2 years, 9/10 break-up within 5 years

US has the highest divorce rate

40-50%

predictor’s of divorce

infidelity, wife’s paid employment, younger, acceptability, substance use, abuse, personality differences

adjustment to divorce

\-depends on social support

\-17-33% of women says it’s nearly painless

\-men likely to show serious psychological disturbances in the short term

\-opportunity for growth

divorce and suicide

divorced men are 10 times more likely to commit suicide than divorced women

economic effects of divorce

\-disaster for women and children

\-improves for men since he is often awarded more of the couple’s assets due to higher earning power

divorce and children

\-moms remained emotionally connected to kids, often gaining shared or full custody

\-2/3 of divorces involve children

\-60 of divorced moms are awarded child support

\-only 25-50% of men pay the child support they are ordered to

\-must adjust to a lower standard of living due to lack of man’s income

remarriage

\-about 85% of divorcees remarry within the next 3 years

\-men are more likely to remarry than women

\-white women more likely, esp if middle class

true partnership

\-husband and wife must be willing to integrate work and family responsibilities despite pressure to conform to traditional roles

\-women may have to lead to way since men are unlikely to fight the status quo that benefits them

\-equality is linked to greater intimacy and more satisfaction, also allows the couple to become fully human