BY124L UAB WHITEHEAD LAB EXAM 1

Domain Eukarya

Includes all eukaryotic organisms.

Prokaryotes

Cells without membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.

Peptidoglycan

Structural component of bacterial cell walls.

Flagellin

Protein that makes up bacterial flagella.

Bacillus

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Cocci

Spherical-shaped bacteria.

Spirilli

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria using photosystems I & II.

Chlorophyll A

Primary pigment in cyanobacteria for photosynthesis.

Heterocysts

Specialized cells in cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Systematic classification of living organisms.

Eukaryotic

Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus.

Unicellular

Organisms consisting of a single cell.

Multicellular

Organisms composed of multiple cells.

Aerobic Respiration

Energy production using oxygen.

Autotrophic

Organisms that produce their own food.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that consume organic material for energy.

Mixotrophic

Organisms that can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic.

Supergroup Excavata

Clade with members having an excavated groove.

Diplomonads

Organisms with reduced mitochondria and lack plastids.

Giardia lamblia

Parasite causing gastrointestinal illness from contaminated water.

Trichomonas vaginalis

Parasite causing infections in the human vagina.

Excavata

Supergroup including Euglenozoa and others.

Euglenozoa

Kingdom with flagella containing rod-like structures.

Kinetoplastida

Phylum with large mitochondrion and kinetoplast.

Kinetoplast

Organized mass of DNA in mitochondrion.

Trypanosoma bruceli

Causes sleeping sickness, transmitted by tsetse fly.

Chagas' disease

Caused by Trypanosome, leads to heart failure.

Euglenophyta

Phylum with mixotrophic and photosynthetic members.

Stramenopiles

Group with hairy and smooth flagella.

Bacillariophyta

Phylum known as diatoms, unicellular algae.

Diatoms

Have silica walls, form diatomaceous earth.

Chrysophyta

Phylum known as golden algae, mixotrophic.

Phaeophyta

Phylum known as brown algae, multicellular.

Algin

Thickening agent from brown algae cell walls.

Oomycota

Phylum including water molds and plant parasites.

Ciliophora

Phylum using cilia for locomotion.

Paramecium

Ciliated protist, uses cilia for feeding.

Radiolaria

Phylum with silica skeletons, marine organisms.

Foraminifera

Phylum with calcium carbonate shells, marine.

Cercozoa

Phylum with thread-like pseudopodia, mostly heterotrophic.

Rhodophyta

Common name red algae, stores floridian starch.

Chlorophyta

Common name green algae, similar to land plants.

Myxogastrida

Plasmodial slime molds, coenocytic structure.

Dictystelida

Cellular slime molds, solitary feeding cells.

Gymnamoeba

Tubulinids, found in various aquatic environments.

Entamoeba

Infects vertebrates and some invertebrates.

Entamoeba histolytica

Causative agent of amoebic dysentery.

Amoebic dysentery

Disease spread via contaminated drinking water.

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food using sunlight.

Cell wall

Rigid outer layer made of cellulose in plants.

Chlorophylls A & B

Pigments essential for photosynthesis in plants.

Alternation of Generations

Life cycle alternates between haploid and diploid stages.

Haploid

Cell with one set of chromosomes (1N).

Diploid

Cell with two sets of chromosomes (2N).

Gametophyte

Haploid stage in the plant life cycle.

Sporophyte

Diploid stage in the plant life cycle.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants, including mosses and liverworts.

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants with true roots, stems, and leaves.

Phylum Bryophyta

Taxonomic group that includes mosses.

Phylum Hepatophyta

Taxonomic group that includes liverworts.

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Taxonomic group that includes hornworts.

Vascular tissue

Tissue that transports water and nutrients in plants.

Lignin

Substance that strengthens plant cell walls.

Phylum Lycophyta

Group of vascular plants known as club mosses.

Phylum Monilophyta

Group of vascular plants including ferns and horsetails.

Pollen

Male gametophyte that can survive desiccation.

Pollinators

Agents like wind or animals that assist in pollination.

Gymnosperms

Plants with naked seeds, no fruit produced.

Megaspore

The female spore that develops into an egg.

Microspore

The male spore that develops into pollen.

Phylum Coniferophyta

Group of cone-bearing plants.

Double Fertilization

One sperm forms zygote, another forms endosperm.

Shoot System

Contains leaves and flowers; site of photosynthesis.

Root System

Anchors plant and absorbs water and minerals.

Parenchyma

Least specialized plant cells, involved in metabolism.

Collenchyma

Cells with thicker walls, provide support and flexibility.

Sclerenchyma

Dead cells with lignin, provide structural support.

Dermal Tissue System

Outer covering of plant, provides protection.

Vascular Tissue System

Transports water, nutrients, and sugars within plants.

Xylem

Transports water upward; consists of dead cells.

Phloem

Transports sugars; can move in both directions.

Ground Tissue System

Involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Node

Point on stem where leaves attach.

Internode

Space between two nodes on a stem.

Endosperm

Nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes developing seeds.

Cork

Protective tissue formed during secondary growth.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruit.

Monocotyledonae

Angiosperms with one seed leaf, like lilies.

Eudicotyledonae

Angiosperms with two seed leaves, like periwinkles.

Determinate growth

Growth stops after reaching maximum height.

Indeterminate growth

Continues to grow slowly throughout life.

Annual plants

Complete life cycle in one year.

Biennial plants

Two-year life cycle; flowers second year.

Perennial plants

Live for many years, die from disease.

Monocot

Plants with one seed leaf.

Eudicot

Plants with two seed leaves.

Woody stems

Stems with hard, lignified structure.

Herbaceous stems

Soft, green stems that die back.

Monoecious

Plants with both male and female flowers.