Miles down review Biology

The Cell

Basic unit of life

Nucleoid Region -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

DNA region in prokaryotes

Nucleolus -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Makes ribosomes. Sits in nucleus, no membrane.

Peroxisomes -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Collect and break down material

Rough ER -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Accept mRNA to make proteins.

Smooth ER -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Detox & make lipids.

Golgi Apparatus -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Modify / distribute proteins. Only in eukaryotes

-Vesicular Transport

-Cisternal Maturation

Vesicular Transport -(Golgi Apparatus)(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Distributing proteins

COPI is needed to move vesicle forward from golgi apparatus to ER

COPII is needed to return the vesicle from ER to golgi apparatus

Cisternal Maturation -(Golgi Apparatus) (Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Vesicles travel in retrograde New Cis made Cis/Medial/Trans/Exit

Centrioles -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

9 groups of microtubules, pull chromosomes apart

Lysosomes -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

Demo & Recycling center. made by Golgi. Single membrane

Plasmids -(Parts of cell) (1. The cell)

in prokaryotes. Carry DNA not necessary for survival.

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Obligate Aerobe (Bacteria) (1. The cell)

Requires O2

Obligate Anaerobe (Bacteria) (1. The cell)

Dies in O2

Facultative Anaerobe (Bacteria) (1. The cell)

Toggle between Aerobic/Anaerobic

Aerotolerant Anaerobes (Bacteria) (1. The cell)

Does not use O2 but tolerates it

Gram + is PURPLE (Bacteria) (1. The cell)

THICK peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall

Gram - is PINK-RED (Bacteria) (1. The cell)

THIN peptidoglycan cell wall & an outer membrane.

Eukaryote (Eukaryote vs Prokaryote) (1. The cell)

ETC (Electron transport chain) in mitochondria

Large ribosomes

Reproduce via mitosis

Prokaryote (Eukaryote vs Prokaryote) (1. The cell)

ETC (Electrron transport chain) in cell membrane

Small ribosomes

Plasmids carry DNA material. May have virulence factors.

Episomes (Prokaryote) (1. The cell)

Plasmids that integrate into genome

Prions (Miscellaneous) (1. The cell)

infectious proteins. Trigger misfolding. (alpha)-helical to (beta)-pleated sheets. solubility decreases

Viroid (Miscellaneous) (1. The cell)

Plant pathogens

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Microfilaments (cytoskeleton) (1. The cell)

Actin

Microtubules (cytoskeleton) (1. The cell)

Tubulin

Intermediate Filaments (cytoskeleton) (1. The cell)

Keratin = Vimentin; Desmin = Lamin

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Epithelia (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Parenchyma

Simple

Stratified

Pseudostratified

Cuboidal

Squamous

Parenchyma (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Functional parts of organ

Simple (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

One layer

Stratified (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Multiple layers

Pseudostratified (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

One layer (looks mult, but really just 1)

Cuboidal (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Cube shape

Columnar (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Long and narrow

Squamous (Epithelia) (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Flat, scale-like

Connective (Tissues) (1. The cell)

Stroma (support, extracellular matrix). Bone, cartilage, tendon, blood

Genetic recombination

The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents.

Transformation (Genetic Recombination) (1. The cell)

Gets genetic info from environment

Conjugation (Genetic Recombination) (1. The cell)

Transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge

F+ to F- or Hfr to recipient

Transduction (Genetic Recombination) (1. The cell)

Transfer using bacteriophage

Transposons (Genetic Recombination) (1. The cell)

Genetic info that can insert/remove themselves

Capsid (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Protein Coat

Viruses

tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells

Envelope (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Some have lipid envelope

Virion (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Individual virus particles

Bacteriophage (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Bacteria virus. Tail sheath injects DNA / RNA

Viral Genome (Viruses) (1. The cell)

May be DNA or RNA. Single or double stranded

If viral RNA is single strand

Positive Sense

Negative Sense

Positive Sense (If Single Strand) (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Can be translated by host cell

Negative Sense (If Single Strand) (Viruses) (1. The cell)

RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can then be translated

Retrovirus (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Single stranded RNA. Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA

Bacteriophage Lytic (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Virions made until cell lyses

Life Cycles Lysogenic (Viruses) (1. The cell)

Virus integrates into genome as provirus or prophage. Goes dormant until stress activates it.

cell cycle (2. Reproductive)

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

G1 (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

Make mRNA and proteins to prep for mitosis

G0 (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

A cell will enter G0 if it Does Not need to divide

-Neurons

G1 checkpoint (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

Cell decides if it should divide. P53 in charge

S (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

DNA replicated

G2 (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

Cell growth. Make organelles

G2 checkpoint (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

Check cell size & organelles

M (cell cycle) (2. Reproductive)

Mitosis and cytokinesis

cell growth signals

Consist of

-Positive growth signals

-Negative growth signals

Positive growth signals (cell growth signals) (2. Reproductive)

1) CDK + Cyclin create a complex

2) Phosphorylate Rb to Rb + P

3) Rb change shape, releases E2F

4) Cell division continues

Negative growth signals (cell growth signals) (2. Reproductive)

1) CDK inhibitors block phosphorylation of Rb

2) So, E2F stays attached

3) Cell cycle halts

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

-PMAT

-Ploidy of 2n throughout

Prophase (Mitosis) (2. Reproductive)

DNA condenses. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and microtubules form. Nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase (Mitosis) (2. Reproductive)

"Meet in the middle". Chromosomes meet in middle

Anaphase (Mitosis) (2. Reproductive)

"Apart". Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase (Mitosis) (2. Reproductive)

Chromosomes decondense. Nuclear membrane forms. Cytokinesis occurs

Cytokinesis (Mitosis) (2. Reproductive)

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

sex chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

Sex determined by 23 pairs of chromosomes.

xx=female

xy=male

X-Linked Disorders (sex chromosomes) (2. Reproductive)

Males express, females can be carriers

Y-Chromosome (sex chromosomes) (2. Reproductive)

Littel genetic info. SRY gene = "Sorry you're a male)

Meiosis (2. Reproductive)

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

-PMAT x2

-Nondisjunction could occur and it results in aneuploidy

Prophase I (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes form bivalents.

-Crossing over occurs

(Recombination does occur but the chromosomes are still homologous)

Metaphase I (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Spindle fibers from opposing centrosomes connect to bivalents (at centromeres) and align them along the middle of the cell

Anaphase I (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Homologous pairs move to opposite poles of the cell. This is disjunction and it accounts for the Law of segregation.

(this is where nondisjunction would occur if it happens)

Telophase I (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane MAY reform, cell divides (cytokinesis), forms two haploid daughter cells of unequal sizes.

Prophase II (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes move to opposite poles (perpendicular to before)

Metaphase II (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Spindle fibers from opposing centrosomes attach to chromosomes (at centromere) and align them along the cell equator

Anaphase II (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Spindle fibers contract and separate the sister chromatids, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite poles

Telophase II (Meiosis) (2. Reproductive)

Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms, cells divide (cytokinesis) to form four haploid daughter cells

male reproductive system (2. Reproductive)

serves to produce sperm and introduce them into the female body

Semen (male reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Sperm + seminal fluid

Bulbourethral Glands (male reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Makes viscous fluid to clean out urethra

Seminal Vesicles & Prostate Gland (male reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive acidic environment of female reproductive tract

Sperm pathway (male reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

SEVE(N)UP

Seminiferous tubules

Epididymis

Vans deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

Penis

Female Reproductive System

produces eggs for reproduction and provides place for growing baby.

Ovaries (Female reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Have follicles that produce ova. Controlled by FSH and LH

Oogenesis (Female reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Production of female gametes

Estrogen (Female reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Hormone; Response to FSH. Develops rep tract, thickens uterine wall

Estrogen establishes; progesterone protects the endometrium

Progesterone (Female reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Response to LH. Maintains / protects endometrium.

Estrogen establishes; progesterone protects the endometrium

Pathway (Female reproductive system) (2. Reproductive)

Egg to peritoneal sac to fallopian tube / oviduct

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

FSH Follicle stimulating hormone (GnRH) (2. Reproductive)

Males: Triggers spermatogenesis, stimulates sertoli cells.

Females: Stimulates development of ovarian follicles.

LH Lutenizing hormone (GnRH) (2. Reproductive)

Males: Causes interstitial cells to make testosterone

Females: Induces Ovulation

Embryogenesis

The process by which a single-celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo.

Fertilization (3. Embryogenesis and Development)

(1) Occurs in the Ampulla of Fallopian tube. Sperm's Acrosomal enzymes penetrate corona radiate & zona pellucid.

Acrosomal enzymes inject pronucleus.