COM 100 Test: Chapters 1-8

COM 100

Syllabus:

• 5 Pop Quizzes
• Tests should be multiple choice
• 2 absences only

Chapter 1: Mass Communication, Culture, and Media Literacy

What is Mass Communication?

1. Definition of Communication and Models:
   1. Communication is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver.
      1. A convenient way to describe communication is to answer these questions:
         1. Who?
         2. Says what?
         3. Through which channel?
         4. To whom?
            1. Consider demographics
         5. With what effect?
      2. A source sends a message → through a medium → to a receiver → producing some effect
   2. Communication requires the response of others
      1. Therefore there must be a sharing or correspondence of meaning for communication to take place
      2. Feedback is also a message
      3. Communication is a reciprocal and ongoing process with all involved parties more or less engaged in creating shared meaning
   3. Communication: the process of creating shared meaning
   4. Interpersonal communication: communication between 2 or a few people
      1. Shows that there is no clearly identifiable source or receiver.
      2. All the participants or “interpreters” are working to create meaning by encoding & decoding messages.
         1. Message is first encoded
            1. Transformed into an understandable sign & symbol system
            2. Speaking is encoding, and so are writing, printing, and filming a television program.
         2. Once received, the message is decoded
            1. Signs & symbols are interpreted
            2. Occurs through listening, reading, or watching that tv show.
      3. Not every model can show all aspects of a process as complex as communication
         1. This one → is missing noise (interferes with communication)
         2. Biases, page torn out, spiderweb crack on your smartphone
   5. Encoded messages are carried by a medium.
      1. Means of sending information
         1. Voice (sound waves), telephone, internet, radio
      2. When the medium is a technology that carries messages to a large number of people, we call it mass medium. (plural of medium is media)
         1. Includes radio, tv, books, magazines, newspapers, movies, sound recordings, computer networks, etc.
         2. Media & Mass Media are often interchanged to refer to the communication industries themselves.
2. Mass Communication Defined:
   1. Process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences
   2. This & the other model have similarities, but the differences are most significant to our understanding of how mass communication differs from other forms of communication.
      1. Message vs. Many identical messages
      2. Mass Communication specifies feedback, and interpersonal communication does not.
      3. When two or a few people communicate face to face, participants can immediately and clearly recognize the feedback residing in the reciprocal messages. In mass communication, it is not as simple.
   3. In Schramm’s Model (mass communication), feedback is represented with a dotted line labeled “delayed inferential feedback”.
      1. It is indirect
         1. Example: television executives must wait to discover its ratings, and the ratings only measure how many sets are tuned in, it doesn’t say if viewers actually liked the show
      2. Mass communicators also receive additional feedback like criticism in other media like a column in a newspaper.
   4. The differences in the models change the nature of the communication process
      1. Interpersonal Communication:
         1. Immediacy and directness of feedback free communicators to gamble and experiment with different approaches
         2. Personally relevant and possibly adventurous or challenging
      2. Mass Communication:
         1. Distance between participants creates “communication conservatism”
            1. Feedback comes too late to enable corrections/alterations
         2. Number of people makes personalization and specificity difficult
         3. Constrained, less free
      3. James W. Carey recognized these differences and offered a cultural definition of communication.
         1. Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed.

What is Culture?

1. Culture is the learned behavior of members of a given social group
   1. Expansion Definition Examples:
   2. 
   3. So basically… culture is learned.
2. Culture serves a purpose
   1. Helps us categorize and classify experiences, defines our world and our place in it
      1. In doing so, culture can have a number of sometimes conflicting effects
         1. You don’t think: how far away should I stand? You just stand at an appropriate distance.
      2. Culture provides information that helps us make meaningful distinctions about right and wrong, appropriate and inappropriate, good and bad, etc.
         1. It does this through communication (obviously)
         2. We learn what culture expects of us
            1. It can be negative when we are unwilling/unable to move past patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, etc.

Example:

United States values thinness and beauty in women

They endure unhealthy habits and are judged for what is physically unattainable.

1. Dominant Culture/Mainstream Culture - seems to hold sway with majority of people
   1. Often openly challenged
   2. Liberation from limitations imposed by culture resides in our ability and willingness to learn and use new patterned ways of thinking, feeling, etc.
   3. We are defined by our culture
2. Within large national cultures, there are many smaller, bounded cultures/co-cultures
   1. Examples: Italian neighborhoods, fraternity row, the South, suburbs, etc.
   2. These smaller cultures unite groups of people and enable them to see themselves as different from other groups around them.
   3. We are proud to be diverse, but differentiation can also lead to division
      1. Examples: 9/11, Muslim Americans’ patriotism is challenged because of their culture. Muslim hate crimes increased tremendously afterwards.
   4. Culture can divide us, Culture can unite us

Mass Communication and Culture

1. Mass Media as Cultural Storytellers:
   1. A culture’s values & beliefs reside in the stories it tells
   2. We use these stories to learn about the world around us, understand values, the way things work, and how the pieces fit together.
      1. We have the responsibility to question storytellers, interpret the stories in ways consistent with larger or more important cultural values.
         1. Example: NFL players kneeling led to boycotts but also praise
2. Mass Communication as Cultural Forum
   1. We have cultural definitions or understandings of all things
      1. Example: What is the meaning of successful? Good? Loyal? Moral? Honest? Beautiful? Patriotic? Etc.
   2. Mass communication has become a primary forum for the debate about our culture.
      1. The most powerful voices in the forum have the most power
      2. Where should that power reside? Media industries or audiences?
      3. The forum is only as good, fair, and honest as those who participate in it

Scope & Nature of Mass Media:

1. No matter your view on the process of mass communication, you can’t deny that an enormous portion of our lives is spent interacting with mass media.
   1. Despite its influence, many of us are actually dissatisfied with or critical of the media industries’ performance and much of the content provided. Only 45% have a fair amount of trust in the media and 25% have a great deal of confidence in newspapers.
2. The Role of Technology:
   1. To some thinkers, it is machines and their development that drive economic and cultural change - technological determinism
   2. Others see technology as more neutral and claim that the way people use technology is what gives it significance.
   3. Technology DOES have an impact on communication.
      1. At the very least it changes the basic elements of communication
3. The Role of Money
   1. Money also alters communication. It shifts the balance of power; it tends to make audiences products rather than consumers
      1. Example: the first newspapers were financially supported by readers, they money was used for production & distribution. Then they started selling papers for a penny, but also sold advertising space. (Not really the space, they are selling readers)
      2. This changed the nature of mass communication (also controversial)

Mass Communication, Culture, and Media Literacy

1. Communication and Culture are inseparable, and mass communication is powerful
2. Media Literacy: the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication.
3. The Gutenberg Revolution
   1. Johannes Gutenberg developed the movable metal type
   2. This invention was world-changing because it opened literacy to all (not just the wealthy); it allowed mass communication.
   3. Printing presses had existed long before Gutenberg, but this was a significant leap forward for two reasons
      1. He was a goldsmith and a metallurgist, metal is more durable to print pages and letters could be arranged and rearranged to make any message, and to make identical copies.
      2. Scope, he saw his invention as a way to produce many books for profit
4. The Industrial Revolution
   1. Print was responsible for building and disseminating bodies of knowledge, leading to scientific and technological developments and the refinement of new machines.
      1. Industrialization also reduced the time necessary to complete work
   2. Industrialization led to more leisure time and more money to spend on leisure, meanwhile farmers, fishermen, and tile workers had to put profits into their jobs.
   3. By the mid-19th century, a mass audience and the means to reach it existed

Media Literacy:

1. Media literacy is a skill we take for granted, and it can be improved
   1. If we consider how important the mass media are in creating and maintaining the culture that helps define us and our lives, it’s a skill that must be improved.
2. Elements of Media Literacy:
   1. A critical thinking skill enabling audience members to develop independent judgements about media content.
   2. An understanding of the process of mass communication
   3. An awareness of the impact of media on the individual society
   4. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages
   5. An understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives
   6. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media context.
   7. Development of effective and responsible production skills
   8. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners
3. Media Literacy Skills:
   1. The ability and willingness to make an effort to understand content, to pay attention and to filter out noise
   2. An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages
   3. The ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned reactions when responding to content and to act accordingly
   4. The development of heightened expectations of media content
   5. A knowledge of genre conventions and the ability to recognize when they are being mixed
   6. The ability to think critically about media messages, no matter how credible their sources
   7. A knowledge of the internal language of various media and the ability to understand its effects, no matter how complex

Review:

▸ Define communication, mass communication, mass media, and culture.

• Communication is the process of creating shared meaning.
• Mass communication is the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences.
• Mass media is the plural of mass medium, a technology that carries messages to a large number of people.
• Culture is the world made meaningful. It resides all around us; it is socially constructed and maintained through communication. It limits as well as liberates us; it differentiates as well as unites us. It defines our realities and shapes the ways we think, feel, and act.

▸ Describe the relationships among communication, mass communication, culture, and those who live in the culture.

• Mass media are our culture’s dominant storytellers and the forum in which we debate cultural meaning.

▸ Evaluate the impact of technology and economics on those relationships.

• Technological determinism argues that technology is the predominant agent of social and cultural change. But it is not technology that drives culture; it is how people use technology.
• With technology, money, too, shapes mass communication. Audiences can be either the consumer or the product in our mass media system.

▸ List the components of media literacy.

• Media literacy, the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication, consists of eight components:
• A critical thinking skill enabling the development of independent judgments about media content
• An understanding of the process of mass communication
• An awareness of the impact of the media on individuals and society
• Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages
• An awareness of media content as a “text” providing insight into contemporary culture
• A cultivation of enhanced enjoyment, understanding, and appreciation of media content
• The development of effective and responsible production skills
• The development of an understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners

▸ Identify key skills required for developing media literacy.

• Media skills include the following:
  • The ability and willingness to make an effort to understand content, to pay attention, and to filter out noise
  • An understanding of and respect for the power of media messages
  • The ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned reactions when responding to content and to act accordingly
  • The development of heightened expectations of media content
  • A knowledge of genre conventions and the recognition of their mixing
  • The ability to think critically about media messages
  • A knowledge of the internal language of various media and the ability to understand its effects

—

Mass Communication Models

What do I think is Mass Media?

• Television
• Radio
• Newspapers
• Social Media?
• Really anything with a large audience
• Also
  • Books
  • Internet
  • Magazines
  • Video games
  • Music

Lasswell Applications

• Who? Says what? Through which channel? To whom? With what effect?
  • Consider demographics
• Who? Pepsi
  • Says what? it has something new (touch of lemon)
  • To whom? maybe a younger audience because of the cartoon
• Who? Fareway
  • Says what? Low prices and deals
  • To whom? Middle aged or older because they do the most grocery shopping
  • Channel: newspaper
• Who? Farmer’s Dog
  • Says what? Nothing matters more than more years together (quality food)
  • To whom? Dog owners, younger
  • Channel: Television
• Who? McDonalds
  • Says what? Even these celebrities love McDonalds so you should too
  • To whom? Really anyone but maybe younger people or people who know those celebrities
  • Channel: radio
• What is marketed to me?
  • Instagram
    • Temu
    • Taylor Swift calendars
    • Scooters Coffee
  • Tik Tok
    • Fall sweaters

Culture & Media:

• What are some learned behaviors?
  • I bet almost all of us have our phones with us, that isn’t something older generations do
  • College students expected to manage time wisely
• Dominant cultures (mainstream) versus bounded cultures or co-cultures
  • My family is German, I’m a saxophone player, I’m a lifeguard & swimmer, I’m the oldest child, I have two dogs, I’m a college student, etc.
• Media Shaping Culture:
  • Music
  • Hairstyles
  • Clothing - white shoes
  • Vehicles - self driving cars, AI
  • Dining - grub hub, uber eats
• Scope and Nature of Mass Media
  • Binge watching
  • 60% of Americans play video games every day
    • Even phone games
• Media Literacy: processing the knowledge to be competent in assessing messages carried by the mass media
• Third Person Effect: others are influenced by the media but not us
• Hostile Media Effect: disagreement with point of view - all media are bad
• Assessing a message:

Terms to Know:

• Convergence
• Platform agnostics
• Concentration of ownership
• Conglomeration
• News deserts
• Economies of scale
• Audience fragmentation or narrowcasting
  • Tik tok fyp
• Hypercommercialism
  • Ads on social media
• Product Placement
  • Reeses Pieces in ET
  • MIT in Spiderman
  • Maybelline in The Bachelorette

Advertising:

• Infomercials
  • Tiddy Bear
• Interpretar A: content producer
  • The message
• Interpreter B: the audience
  • Changes in the feedback process
  • New communication process, faster

Why do we need journalists?

• No bias, professionalism, to get the most information

What is a journalist?

• Professional, it is their job, they are trained to know what to say and how to say it in the most effective way

—

9/21/23

Chapter 3: Books

History of books:

• Printing press changed books as we know them
• Novels & paperbacks still make up the majority of physical books sold in the US

Books & Their Audiences:

• Culture Value
  • Windows to the past
  • Sources of personal development (self-help)
  • Entertainment and escape
  • Individual, personal activity
  • Etc
• How have libraries changed in the past five years?
  • Outdated, needs to be more modern
• Censorship
• Aliteracy:
  • People CAN read, but choose not to
  • Form of self-censorship
  • 25% of American kids from ages 0-8 are read to “never” or “less often than once a week”
• Books and Movies/The Connection

—

9/26/23

Chapter 4: Newspapers

In Class

History of Newspapers

• Dating back to Caesar’s time in Rome
• Colonial newspapers – booksellers and print shops became the focal point for exchange of news/information
• Penny press (one cent newspapers for everyone)
• Wire services - reduce expenses and increase profits
  • National correspondents → report back to newspapers
• Conglomeration and battles over readers
  • Example: 1 owner has ten newspapers

Yellow Journalism

• Making news vs reporting news

Newspapers & Their Audiences

• Two-thirds of American adults read a daily paper every week
• Daily print circulation at its lowest

Scope & Structure of Newspaper Industry

• National Dailies
• Metro Dailies
• Suburban and small-town dailies
• Weeklies and semi weeklies
• Ethnic Press
• Etc

Trends & Convergence

• Loss of competition and concentration of ownership
• Increased pressure to turn a profit (selling space, selling pet obituaries)
• Newsholes! Amount of space given to news, the ;arger the news content, the less space for advertising
• Relevancy to the Internet - paywall (all or some of the content only available to those willing to pay); micropayments -small payments per story
• Preference for “soft news” (sensational stories) over “hard news” (important issues)

Figure 4.2: Where Young Writers Get Their News

Figure 4.3: Loss of Young Readers

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Chapter 5: Magazines

History of Magazines:

• Started in the 1700’s
• 1825 → 100 magazines in operation, 25 years later → 600!
  • Because magazine articles increasingly focused on matters of importance to U.S. readers, publications such as the United States Literary Gazette and American Boy began to look less like London publications and more like a new and unique product.
• In 1821 The Saturday Evening Post appeared. Starting in 1729 as Ben Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, it was to continue for the next 148 years.

The Mass Circulation Era :

• Popular mass circulation magazines began to prosper after the Civil War.
  • 1865: 700 magazines
  • 1885: 3,300 magazines
• Women’s magazines included articles about Suffrage and how-to for homemakers
• Postal Act of 1879 also helped with the spread of magazines
  • (Permitted mailing magazines at cheaper, second-class postage rates, and the spread of the railroad, which carried people and publications westward from the East Coast).
• Magazines had a large national audience
  • Circulation, rather than reputation, became the most important factor
• Magazines were America’s first mass medium
• “Unlike newspapers, they were national in distribution and scope of coverage, and unlike books, they were inexpensive and meant for a large, general audience”.
• Muckraking: a form of crusading journalism that primarily used magazines to agitate for change

The Era of Specialization:

• After the war, people could spend more time on hobbies and purchased magazines such as: Flyfishing, Surfing, Ski, and Easyrider.

Magazine Audiences:

• Engagement → refers to the depth of the relationship between readers and the magazine advertising they see. People choose to read specific magazines for specific reasons. They have an existing interest that brings them to a particular publication. As a result, the magazine and its ads speak to them
• Affinity → how much readers enjoy reading the magazine

Scope & Structure of Magazine Industry:

• In 1950 there were 6,950 magazines in operation. The number now exceeds 20,000
• Contemporary magazines are typically divided into three broad types:

1. Trade, professional, and business magazines
   1. Carry stories, features, and ads aimed at people in specific professions and are distributed either by the professional organizations themselves or by media companies.
2. Industrial, company, and sponsored magazines
   1. Are produced by companies specifically for their own employees, customers, and stockholders, or by clubs and associations specifically for their members
3. Consumer magazines
   1. Are sold by subscription and at newsstands, bookstores, and other retail outlets, including supermarkets, garden shops, and computer stores

Magazine Advertising:

• Marketers want to target ads for their products & services to people most likely to respond to them (through magazines)
• The average editorial-to-advertising-page ratio is 54% to 46%, and the industry takes in more than $27 billion a year in revenue, about 50% of that amount generated by advertising (with 62% of that income generated by print advertising)
• Definition of circulation – the number of issues of a magazine or newspaper that are sold
• Controlled circulation – a magazine provided at no cost to readers who meet some specific set of advertiser-attractive criteria
• Issues of measuring circulation
  • Delayed feedback, after magazines are shipped it takes a few days for advertisers to see how their numbers are impacted
  • Total audience vs paid circulation
• (Note most-read magazines in Figure 5.3) →

Trends & Convergence

• Even though the number of ad pages in print magazines has been declining, total readership of American consumer magazines, both print and digital, continues to grow, reaching more than 225 million American adults, who read 1.81 billion editions a year.
• Magazines compete with the internet and television, so they must make alterations
• Online Magazines became possible because of the internet, and almost every magazine have a digital version
• As with books and newspapers, mobile digital media are reshaping the relationship between magazines and their readers
• Magazines are even more available through smartphones, tablets, and e-readers
• Custom Publishing: publications specifically designed for an individual company seeking to reach a narrowly defined audience
  • Brand Magazines: a consumer magazine published by a retail business for readers having demographic characteristics similar to those consumers with whom it typically does business
  • Magalogues: a designer catalog produced to look like a consumer magazine
• Advertiser Influence:
  • One common way advertisers’ interests shape content is in the placement of ads. Airline ads are moved away from stories about plane crashes. Cigarette ads rarely appear near articles on lung cancer.
  • Complementary Copy: newspaper and magazine content that reinforces the advertiser’s message, or at least does not negate it
  • Another once controversial and far more common practice is sponsored content, articles paid for by advertisers

— 9/29/30

• Modern Era: mass circulation, Life, Look, Time magazines appealed to the masses with mass circulation

—

10/2/23

Chapter 6: Film

History of Film

• Lumiere brothers
  • One of the first movie showings
  • Quitting Time at the Lumière Factory, Le Repas de bebe, L’Arroseur arrosé, L'Arrivée d’un train en gare
• The early movie industry was built largely by entrepreneurs who wanted to make money entertaining everyone
• Photographer Eadweard Muybridge invented the zoopraxiscope a machine for projecting slides onto a distant surface
  • Muybridge met Thomas Edison in 1888, and set his top scientist to develop a better projector.
  • Kinteograph, Kinetoscope
• Thomas Edison built the first motion picture studio near his laboratory in New Jersey
• The Lumiere brothers made the next advance, their initial screenings demonstrated that people would sit in a darkened room to watch motion pictures projected on a screen.
• Nickelodeons: the first movie houses; admission was nickel
  • Almost immediately hundreds of nickelodeons were opened across the nation
  • By 1905 cities like New York were opening a new nickelodeon every day
• The Big Studios
  • Thomas Edison founded the Motion Picture Patents Company (Trust)
    • Anyone who wanted to make or exhibit in a movie needed their permission
    • One reel, 12 minutes, stage perspective
    • To avoid the MPPC, companies moved as far away as the could, to California
      • Led to studios like Paramount, Fox Film Company (20th Century Fox), and Universal
      • Movie Palaces: elaborately decorated, opulent, architecturally stunning theaters
• Change Comes to Hollywood
  • The Talkies
    • Distributed with synchronized music and sound effects
    • Movies were silent at first, so sound had a large effect
      • Led to musicals
      • Movies viewers reached 90 million by 1930
  • Scandal
    • The Kiss, generated a great moral outcry
      • Led to censorship and various forms of self-regulation and internal codes
    • State legislatures introduced more than 100 separate pieces of legislation to censor or otherwise control movies & their content.
• The Red Scare
  • The US response to its postwar position as world leader was fear.
  • The goal was to rid Hollywood of communist influence
    • The fear was that communist, socialist, and leftist propaganda was secretly inserted into entertainment

Movies & Their Audiences →

• Scope & Nature of the Film Industry
  • The US is at its lowest level in more than a century, (3.5 tickets per yr)
  • Production: making of movies
    • 700 and 800 feature-length films produced annually in the US
    • Technology: shot digitally
      • Examples: Jurassic World, Star Wars, Captain America, Fantastic Beasts, etc.
      • Special Effects → Avatar, Titanic
    • Cloud Computing: storage of all computer data, including personal info and system-operating software on remote servers hosted on the Internet
  • Distribution
    • Old definition: making prints of films and shipping them to theaters
    • Now: supplying these movies to tv networks, cable, and satellite networks, makers of DVDs, and internet streaming companies.
    • Green light process: the process of deciding to make a movie
    • Platform Rollout: opening a move on only a few screens in the ope that favorable reviews and word-of-mouth publicity will boost interest
  • Exhibition
    • Showing of the movie
    • Exhibitors make much (most) of their money on concession sales
    • Engaging in a variety of other audience friendly maneuvers like loyalty programs, expanded ticket discounts and subscription offers.
  • Trends & Convergence in Moviemaking
    • Blockbuster mentality → filmmaking characterized by reduced risk taking and more formulaic movies; business concerns are said to dominate artistic consideration
    • Concept Films: movies that can be described in one line
    • Franchise Films: movies produced with full intention of producing several sequels
      • Despicable Me, Pirates of the Caribbean, Spider Man, Thor, Star Wars, Guardians of the Galaxy, etc.
    • TV, Comic Book, Video Game remakes
      • Teens & preteens make up a large proportion of the movie audience, and as a result many movies are adaptations of tv shows, comic books, and video games.
    • Merchandise Tie-Ins
      • Another byproduct of blockbuster thinking, films are sometimes produced as much for their ability to generate a market for nonfilm products as for their intrinsic value as movies
        • The Lorax, Star Wars, Harry Potter, etc
        • McDonalds, Burger King, Taco Bell offer a movie tie-in product
    • Product Placement
      • Many movies are serving double duty as commercials
    • Audience Research
      • Before a movie is released, the script, concept, plot and characters are subject to market testing
      • Tentpole: an expensive blockbuster around which a studio plans its other releases
    • Convergence Reshapes the Movie Business
      • Today’s movies and tv industries are so intertwined that it is often meaningless to discuss them separately
      • Theatrical Films: movies produced primarily for initial exhibition on theater screens
      • The convergence of film with satellite, cable, VOD, pay-per-view, DVD, and Internet streaming has provided immense distribution and exhibition opportunities for the movies
      • Microcinema: filmmaking using digital video cameras and desktop digital editing programs
• Recognizing Product Placements
  • Transformers share the screen with General Motor cars, the only brand name vehicles that appear in the movie
  • Transformers also featured Budweiser, Apple, and more
  • Branding Films: sponsor financing of movies to advance a manufacturer's product

10/3/23

Chapter 7: Radio

History of Radio & Sound Recording:

• Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Macroni were the first two people to “invent” the radio
  • (Both applied for patents within months of one another in the 1890’s)
• 1903:
  • Reginald Fessenden invented the liquid barretter: first audio device permitting the reception of wireless voices; developed by Fessenden
  • Lee DeForest invented the audion tube: vacuum tube that became the basic invention for all radio and television
• Early Sound Recording
  • The 1800’s are considered the beginning of sound recording
  • French tinkerer Edouard-Leon Scoot de Martinvolle recorded a folk song on a device he called a phonautograph in 1860.
    • This has audio historians rethinking recording roots, did Thomas Edison steal the credit?
  • In 1877, Thomas Edison patented his “talking machine”
  • In 1887 Emile Berliner made a gramophone that bettered Edison’s version
  • 1905, two-sided disc
  • There were hundreds of phonographs and gramophones in US homes by 1920
    • More than 2 million machines and 107 million recordings were sold in 1919 alone
  • 1924, electromagnetic recording by Joseph P. Maxwell at Bell Laboratory
• The Coming of Broadcasting
  • The idea of broadcasting - transmitting voices and music at great distances to a large number of people - predated the development of radio
  • Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone company had a subscription music service in major cities in the late 1800’s delivering music to homes and businesses by telephone wires.
  • An 1877 edition of the New York Daily Graphic suggested the possibilities of broadcasting to its readers
  • Radio began to form during World War II
  • Individual radio companies joined together in 1921 to form the Radio Corporation of America (RCA).
• The Coming of Regulation
  • In 1910, Congress passed the Wireless Ship Act that required all ships using US ports and carrying more than 50 passengers to have a working wireless and operator.
  • Titanic happened because other ships left their radios unattended
  • In 1912, Congress passed the Radio Act which not only strengthened rules regarding shipboard wireless but also required that wireless operators be licensed by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
    • This made many people angry and radio sales and profits dropped dramatically
    • Followed by the Radio Act of 1927
    • FRC: established to administer the provisions of the act
      • Gave way to the Federal Communications Commission
• Advertising and the Networks
  • The fundamental basis of broadcasting (radio and later television) in the United States was now set:
    • Broadcasters were private, commercially owned enterprises rather than government operations.
    • Governmental regulation was based on the public interest.
    • Stations were licensed to serve specific localities, but national networks programmed the most lucrative hours with the largest audiences.
    • Entertainment and information (news, weather, and sports) were the basic broadcast content.
    • Advertising formed the basis of financial support for broadcasting.
• The Golden Age
  • Although the Great Depression damaged the phonograph industry, it helped boost the radio industry
  • World War II
    • Radio was used to sell war bonds, and content was aimed at boosting the nation’s morale
    • Increased desire for news
    • Sound recording benefited as well
      • Long playing records, more durable, played for 23 minutes

Radio & Its Audiences

• 271 million people, 93% of all Americans 12 and over will listen to the radio
• However, broadcast radio’s audience size has shown almost no growth over the last few years, listeners spend an average listening about 1 minute a day

Scope & Nature of the Radio Industry

• FM, AM, and Noncommercial Radio
  • FM constitute 60% of all commercial stations
  • AM stations have decreased
  • There is different technology for both
  • FM’s signal is wider, has better quality, and known for music, AM is known for sports and news.
  • Local
    • Local radio is much more affordable than local television stations
    • Radio can be localized even more narrowly than by city or town
  • Fragmented
    • Radio stations are widely distributed throughout the US, basically every town has at least one station
    • Radio has the ability to specialize
  • Specialized
    • The problem was now how to program a station with interesting content and do so economically
    • DJ (Disk Jockeys) became the best solution
      • Created by Todd Storz who bought KOWH in Omaha Nebraska in 1949
    • Format radio was born
  • Personal
    • Families used to listen together, now people listen alone
    • We select personally pleasing formats
  • Mobile
    • We can listen anywhere, at any time
    • Three-quarters of all traditional radio listening occurs away from home

The Business of Radio

• Advertisers enjoy the specialization of radio because it gives them access to listeners to whom products can be pitched
  • Radio is an attractive medium because:
  • Radio ads are inexpensive to produce and can be changed easily
  • Radio time is inexpensive to buy
  • An audience loyal to a specific format is presumably loyal to those who advertise on it
  • Deregulation & Ownership
    • Because of deregulation, there are no national ownership limits, and one person or company can own as many as eight stations in one area.
    • Allows duopoly: single ownership & management of multiple radio stations in one market

Scope & Nature of the Recording Industry

• DJs introduced record buyers to rhythm ‘n’ blues in the music of African American artists like Chuck Berry and Little Richard.
  • It originally had to be covered by a white artist but in the mid 1950’s teens loved the new sound
• The Major Recording Companies
  • Sony & Universal
    • Best selling albums:
      • The Beatles
      • Garth Brooks
      • Elvis Presley
      • Eagles
      • Led Zeppelin
      • Michael Jackson
      • Billy Joel
      • Elton John
      • Pink Floyd
      • AC/DC

Trends & Convergence in Radio and Sound Recording

• Impact of Television
  • Television, specifically the cable channel MTV changed the recording industry
  • Concerts aren’t that simple anymore, require a music video
    • Lady Gaga’s concert required 15 moving trucks, the Eras Tour
    • As MTV began to program less and less music videos (more extravagant concerts mean less concerts) people relied on television even more.
    • American Idol, America’s Got Talent, introduce and sell music to fans
  • Satellite and Cable
    • Syndication: sale of radio or television content to stations on a market-by-market basis
      • One “network” can provide very different services to its very different affiliates
    • Satellite has another application as well. Many listeners now receive “radio” through their cable televisions in the form of satellite-delivered services such as DMX (Digital Music Express) and Music Choice. Direct satellite home, office, and automobile delivery of audio by digital audio radio service (DARS) brings Sirius XM Radio to more than 65 million American subscribers by offering hundreds of commercial channels—primarily talk, sports, and traffic—and commercial-free channels—primarily music.
  • Terrestrial Digital Radio: land-based digital radio relying on digital compression technology to simultaneously transmit analog and one or more digital signals using existing spectrum space
  • Podcasts - can be streamed but don’t require streaming software
    • There are hundreds of thousands of active podcasters online
    • Apple Podcast has more than 55,000 active shows
    • Began in 2004
    • 73 million Americans listen to at least one podcast every month

Portable Devices

• More than half of all streaming music listening is mobile
  • Social Networking → you can connect your spotify account to your Facebook
  • Musicians create their own sites and connect with sites designed specifically to feature new artists
  • Youtube channels to connect directly with listeners

The Internet and the Future of the Recording Industry

• In the 1970’s the basis of the recording industry changed from analog to digital recording
• Digital Recording: recording based on conversion of sound into 1s and 0s logged in millisecond intervals in a computerized translation process
• Piracy: the illegal recording and sale of copyrighted material
• Downloading:
  • In 2003, Apple introduced iTunes Music where fans could buy albums and individual songs for as little as 99 cents
    • It didn’t completely stop illegal downloading but…
    • Digital downloading surpassed physical sales for the first time in 2011
  • Streaming may be hurting the sales of downloads, but it is influencing music in another important way

—

10/5/23

• K-Love, it's a station that I listen to when I use the radio I think I heard about it from camp
• I’m So Blessed by CAIN, Believe For It by Cece Winans
• They’re hasn’t been an ad yet but there often is
• No conversation yet
• Christians
• Yes I would listen to it outside of this assignment

A Short History of Television

• TV has changed the way teachers teach, governments govern, and religious leaders preach, and shaped how we organize the furniture in our homes
• Television even affects the internet
• Vladimir Zworykin, a Russian immigrant living near Pittsburgh and working for Westinghouse, demonstrated his iconoscope tube, the first practical television camera tube, in 1923. In 1929 David Sarnoff lured him to RCA to head its electronics research lab, and it was there that Zworykin developed the kinescope, an improved picture tube
• At the same time, young Philo Farnsworth had moved from Idaho to San Francisco to perfect an electronic television system, the design for which he had shown his high school science teacher when he was 15 years old. In 1927, at the age of 20, he made his first public demonstration—film clips of a prize fight, movie scenes, and other graphic images
• In April of that year, at the World’s Fair in New York, RCA made the first true public demonstration of television in the form of regularly scheduled two-hour NBC broadcasts

1950’s

• In 1952, 108 stations were broadcasting to 17 million television homes. By the end of the decade, there were 559 stations, and nearly 90% of U.S. households had televisions. In the 1950s more television sets were sold in the United States (70 million) than there were children born (40.5 million) (Kuralt, 1977). The technical standards were fixed, stations proliferated and flourished, the public tuned in, and advertisers were enthusiastic.

Test Review:

Chapter 1:

• “Who says what in which channel to whom with what ____”.
  • Effect
• In the communication model, the response to the message is called what word that begins with F?
  • Feedback
• The culture demonstrated by the majority of people is called mainstream or ____ culture
  • Dominant
• Within the large national culture there are many smaller cultures called what?
  • Bounded
• Watching five or more episodes of a series in one sitting is called what?
  • Binge-watching
• Who invented the printing press?
  • Gutenberg
• By the mid 18th century, printing was behind the powerful engines driving what Revolution?
  • Industrial
• The attitude that others are influenced by the media messages but we are not is known as what effect?
  • Third-person effect

Chapter 2

• Comedy, horror, documentary, are considered what?
  • Genre
• The choice of lighting, editing, effects, music are all part of ____ values.
  • Production
• Engaging simultaneously with many different media is called what?
  • Media multitasking
• Buying and downloading of digital movies is known as EST, what does it stand for?
  • Electronic sell-through
• The erosion of traditional distinctions among media is known as ____.
  • Convergence
• Areas that are “starved” for news vital to their existence are called news what?
  • Deserts
• Segments of the audience are becoming more narrowly defined and less of a mass audience. This is called audience ____.
  • Fragmentation
• The star of the movie is drinking coke and driving a ford. This is an example of what?
  • Product placement
• Regularly updated online journals by various authors are called?
  • Blogs
• The driving force behind recent mergers and acquisitions…
  • Synergy
• An online idea or image that is copied, manipulated, and shared is called a ____?
  • Meme
• Groups of people bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content are called ____?
  • Taste publics

Chapter 3: Books

• The Beadle brothers began publishing novels in 1860 that sold for how much?
  • Ten cents
• Limiting publication or access to a book is known as ____.
  • Censorship
• People possess the ability to read but are unwilling to do so
  • Aliteracy
• Cookbooks, biographies, art books, how-to books, etc, these are all known as what kind of books?
  • Trade books
• What does POD stand for in the book industry?
  • Print On Demand
• What do we call a book presented in sound, typically as a digital download?
  • Audiobook
• Books based on popular tv shows and movies are called ____ novels.
  • Tie-in
• The book series credited with encouraging young people to read is ____.
  • Harry Potter
• Books downloaded in electronic form
  • E-books
• Books without hard covers are known as ____.
  • Paperbacks

Chapter 4: Newspapers

• ____ took over a failing newspaper and renamed it the Pennsylvania Gazette.
  • Ben Franklin
• How much did the New York Sun cost in ____
  • 1 cent
• Associated Press, United Press, etc are what kind of service for newspapers?
  • Wire
• Yellow Journalism
• As part of this shady period in journalism, Pulitzer was involved in a battle with what other newspaper publisher?
  • Hearst
• In response to competition for radio and magazines for advertising dollars, newspapers began consolidating into newspaper ____.
  • Chains
• African-American papers, as they have for a century and a half, remain a vibrant part of the country’s ____ press.
  • Ethnic
• Another type of newspaper, the offspring of the underground press in the 1960 is
  • Alternative press
• The amount of space given to news is known as ____.
  • Newshole
• Online newspapers are experimenting with what type of wall in an attempt to block some of their content from readers?
  • Paywall
• Story placement is a factor in ____; the way newspapers and other media influence not only what we think but what we think about
  • Agenda-setting

Chapter 5: Magazines

• The first magazine in America is
  • Saturday Evening Post
• Postal Act of ____
  • 1879
• Theodore Rosevelt coined this label as an insult
  • Muckrakers
• Total number of issues of a magazine that are sold
  • Circulation
• How much readers enjoy and trust the ads in their magazines
  • Affinity
• Slate and Salon are both examples of what type of magazines
  • Online magazines
• Top three most-read consumer magazines
  • AARP, People

Chapter 6: Film

• The first movie showing - tables and chairs in a basement - took place in
  • Paris
• The first movie in 1903 to use editing, intercutting of scenes and a mobile camera was ____.
  • The Great Train Robbery
• Name DW Griffith’s controversial movie from 1915
  • The Birth of a Nation
• What famous inventor founded the Motion Picture Patents Company in 1908?
  • Thomas Edison
• The places where movies were shown were so elaborately decorated, they were called
  • Movie Palaces
• First Talking Movie
  • The Jazz Singer
• Scandal hit the moves early in 1896. What did actors Rice and Irwin do to create this controversy?
  • They kissed
• Top 3 movies in terms of box office revenue
  • Avatar, Titanic, Endgame
• Production Distribution, and ____.
  • Exhibition
• Minion in a happy meal is an example of a ____ tie-in
  • Merchandise

Chapter 7: Radio

• Who is the “father” of radio?
  • Marconi
• KDKA aired the very first radio broadcast, what was the content?
  • Election returns, (Harding)
• What two decades constituted the Golden Age of Radio?
  • 1930’s and 1940’s
• What age group leads the chart in daily time listening to radio?
  • 50-64
• Streaming or downloading audio files for later playback in a program series is known as
  • Podcasting
• The illegal recording and sale of copyrighted material is called
  • Piracy
• According to the textbook, the best selling artist in US sales would be ____.
  • Beatles
• What is the word used for land-based radio stations?
  • Terrestrial
• What does FRC stand for?
  • Federal Radio Commission

Chapter 8: TV

• David Sarnoff lured Vladimir Zworykin to whose electronic lab?
  • RCA
• Where was the first television set unveiled?
  • New York World’s Fair
• Name the game show blamed for the “quiz show scandal”
  • $64,000 question
• Name the show that resulted in the movie capital relocating from New York to Hollywood
  • I love Lucy
• McCarthyism was part of the ___ Scare era.
  • Red
• Newton Minow of the FCC described television as a vast ____.
  • Wasteland
• What company has long been considered the standard for measuring television audiences?
  • Nielsen
• Another name for a trial program on television is ____.
  • Pilot
• What does MSO stand for?
  • Multiple system operators
• Viewers leaving cable are known as
  • Cord cutters
• Statistics in the book indicate 4% of all US homes have no TV set. These are known as what type of home?
  • Zero TV

Paint the Town Red (10)

Dance the Night (10)

Drunk Me (10)

Something in the orange (10)

Desire (10)

Snooze (10)

You Proof