Kinesiology Exam 1 Slideshows

Kinesiology

The study of the mechanics of body movements

Clinical Kinesiology

The study of muscle and muscular movement as it pertains to the patient

Biomechanics

Application of the principles of mechanics to the living human body

Kinetics

forces that produce or resist movement

Kinematics

Movement without regard for forces that produce motion or movement

Osteokinematics

Movement of the bone in a particular plane and around a joint axis

Arthrokinematics

How the joint surfaces move (ex: glide/slide)

Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Fundamental/Neutral Position

Palms to the side of the body

Frontal Plane

divides the body front to back

Sagittal Axis

runs front to back

Sagittal Plane

divides the body side to side

Frontal Plane and Sagittal Axis Example

Shoulder Adduction/Abduction

Frontal Axis

runs side to side

Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis Example

Shoulder extension and flexion

Transverse Plane

divides the body top to bottom

Vertical Axis

runs from top to bottom

Transverse Plane/Vertical Axis Example

Shoulder Internal/External Rotation

Flexion

movement of one limb segment on another about a joint axis, bringing two anterior limb segment surfaces toward each other

Extension

Movement of one limb segment on another about a joint axis, moving the anterior limb segment surfaces away from each other

Plantar Flexion

Foot downward

Dorsiflexion

Foot upward

Abduction

Movement away from midline

Adduction

Movement toward midline

Radial Deviation

hand moves laterally, towards thumb side of hand

Ulnar Deviation

Hand moves medially, toward the pinky side of hand

Lateral Flexion

Side bending head with trunk to hip side

Medial Rotation

AKA internal rotation

Lateral Rotation

AKA external rotation

Supination

Palm up

Pronation

Palm down

Inversion

Moving ankle so that the sole of the foot faces medially

Eversion

Moving ankle so that the sole of the foot faces laterally

Linear Motion

(AKA translational motion) All parts move parallel to and in the same direction

Rectilinear

Linear motion in straight line

Curvilinear

Linear motion in curved line

Angular Motion

Body moves in circular path around axis

- same direction

- same angle

- same time

- NOT same distance

One Degree of Freedom/Uniaxial

Hinge or pivot joint

1 plane - 1 axis

Two Degrees of Freedom/Biaxial

Finger Joints (condyloid, ellipsoid, saddle joints)

2 planes - 2 axes

Three Degrees of Freedom/Triaxial

Ball and Socket Joints

3 planes - 3 axes

AROM

caused by muscle contraction

PROM

caused by sources other than muscle (person pulling, gravity)

Normal End Feels

Bony - Hard

Soft Tissue Stretch - Firm

Soft Tissue Approximation - Soft

Abnormal End Feels

Muscle Spasm

Sudden Stop Before End Range

Empty (due to subject pain)

Springy Block

Open Kinetic Chain

Distal segment moves against relatives fixed proximal segment (ex: kicking ball)

Closed Kinetic Chain

Proximal segment moves against relatively fixed distal segment (sit to stand)

Joint Congruency

how joint surfaces fit together

Close Packed Position

- Surfaces are tightly compressed (congruent)

- Minimal amount of accessory motion

- Ligaments/capsules hold joint tight

Open/Loose/Resting Packed Position

- position of incongruency

- allow accessory motion

- parts of capsule/ligaments are relaxed

Convex-Concave Rule

shape of bone surfaces

Types of Joints

- Synarthrosis

- Amphiarthrosis

- Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis Subtypes

- Suture

- Syndesmoses (ligamentous)

- Gomphosis (peg-in-socket)

Suture Synarthrodial joint

Little movement

Provides shape, strength, stability

Fits between bony segments very congruent and ight

Ex: skull

Syndesmosis (Ligamentous) Synarthrodial Joint

Small amount of stretching movement

Ex: Distal radioulnar joint

Gomphosis (Peg-In-Socket)

Ex: Tooth in socket

Amphiarthrosis Joints

- Articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage

- Provide mobility and stability

- Hallmark Feature: cartilage

- Ex: intervertebral joints of spine

Diarthrosis-Synovial Joints

- most common joint

- provides free mobility

- Hallmark Feature: joint capsule

- ex: hip, knee, elbow

Force

a push or pull

Vector

Describes forces direction and speed

Torque

force needed to produce rotation around axis

Friction

between 2 surfaces, preventing motion across the 2 surfaces

Moment Arm

the perpendicular distance from the Line of Pull to the joint axis of rotation

Resultant Force

The sum of all forces acting on an object

Force Couple

Two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect

Force Couple Example

(Elbow) Flexion and extension of the biceps/triceps

Law of Inertia

Body at rest will stay at rest, and body in motion will stay in motion, until acted on by an outside force

Law of Inertia Example

Rear ended in motor vehicle

Law of Acceleration

amount of acceleration is dependent on the strength of force applied to an object. Direction of force can change direction of an object

Law of Acceleration Example

Kicking soccer ball (strength of force and mass size)

Law of Action-Reaction

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Law of Action-Reaction Example

Jump on trampoline (gravity and ground reaction force)

Types of Forces that Affect Body Motion

- Gravity

- Internal (active muscle contraction, passive stretching of tissue)

- Externally applied resistance

- Friction

Stable Equilibrium

Occurs when an object is in a position where disturbing it would requires its COG to be raised to stay stable (ex: book on shelf)

Unstable Equilibrium

occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb an object (ex: stand on one leg)

Neutral Equilibrium

When the objects COG is neither raised or lowered when its disturbed (ex: a person in a wheelchair rolling along)

The lower the COG,

the more stable the object

The COG and LOG must remain within:

the BOS to remain stable

Stability increases as the BOS is:

widened in the direction of force

Levers

Defined as a rigid bar (bone) that rotates about an axis (joint) when force is applied (muscle contraction)

Elements of a lever:

Axis

Resistance force

Moving force

First Class Lever

FAR/RAF

Second Class Lever

ARF/FRA

First Class Lever Advantages

- distance and speed

- the two forces are balanced

Third Class Lever

RFA/AFR

Second Class Lever Mechanical Advantage

power favors force

Third Class Lever Advantages

- speed and favors distance

- muscle must produce a force greater than opposing external force

Simple Machines

Generates a greater force than muscle power alone

Pulley

can help change direction of force to ease pulling

Wheel and Axis

the larger the wheel the less force needed to turn it

Single Fixed Pulley

- 1st class lever

- change direction of force

- ex: Lateral malleolus changes direction of pull of the libularis longs tendon

Movable Pulley

- mechanical advantage of doubling its force but requires 1/2 the force to move the weight

- example: leg traction system

Inclined Planes

As distance increases effort decreases

Wheel and Axle

- wheel attached to another wheel

- larger the wheel the less force required

- ex: shoulder joint (axle)

Afferent Neurons

incoming sensory information

Efferent Neurons

outgoing motor information

Deep Structures of the brain

- thalamus

- Hypothalamus

- Basal Ganglia

Thalamus

- relay station for brain

- pain perception

Hypothalamus

- hormonal regulation

- behavior

Basal Ganglia

- coordination of movement

Brainstem Parts (superior to inferior)

- Midbrain

- Pons

- Medulla Oblongata