Industrializing America and Progressive Reforms

Flashcards with vocabulary terms and their definitions related to American Industrialization, Progressivism, and early 20th-century social and political changes.

Long Essay Question (LEQ)

A type of essay question that requires clear writing, evidence, analysis, reasoning, and contextualization to achieve a high score, focusing on demonstrating in-depth understanding.

Contextualization (LEQ)

Situating an argument within a broader historical context, often included in the introductory paragraph of an LEQ.

Multiple Choice Strategies

Employing techniques such as eliminating wrong answers, identifying 'red flags,' and focusing on big ideas/themes to efficiently answer questions.

Short Answer Questions (SAQs)

A question format requiring an Identify, Describe, and Connect approach to link concepts to broader historical themes.

Industrialization Impact

One significant impact of industrialization is lower prices due to increased production of an item, making it cheaper.

Managerial Hierarchy

A structure of responsibilities in companies, from CEOs to the working class, that emerged with the railroads.

Departmentalized Operations

Developing departments within companies to efficiently manage specific business areas.

Gustavus Swift

A pioneer in the meat industry who utilized vertical integration and the assembly line.

Vertical Integration

Owning all aspects of production and distribution to avoid paying other companies.

Predatory Pricing

Setting different prices in various locations to eliminate competitors, then raising prices after achieving a monopoly.

John D. Rockefeller

Built a monopoly in the kerosene and refining business through vertical and horizontal integration (Standard Oil).

Trust (Legal Form)

A legal structure created by Rockefeller that allowed him to control multiple corporations as the CEO.

JP Morgan

Wealthy financier who created U.S. Steel, the first billion-dollar corporation, through purchasing steel companies.

Ida Tarbell

Investigative reporter ('Muckraker') who exposed corruption in industries like meatpacking and oil refining.

Muckrakers

Term coined by Theodore Roosevelt for reporters who exposed corruption but were seen as stirring up dirt.

Consumerism

The encouragement of people to buy things and spend money, fueled by corporations and businesses.

National Chain Stores

Popular examples include Woolworths and A&P, precursors to modern stores like Walmart or Target.

John Wanamaker

Opened Wanamaker's in 1875, which is the precursor of the modern department store

Money-back Guarantees

A promise to the customer that they are entitled to money back if they are unhappy with the product.

White-Collar Workers

Men in corporate workplaces who wore white shirts with starched collars.

Blue-Collar Workers

People working in factories.

Deskilling of Labor

The reduction of skills needed to perform factory jobs due to technological advancements.

Unregulated Industrial Labor

Factories with no safety regulations, no pay negotiation, and high casualty rates.

Consumer Culture Inequalities

There exist inequalities between classes, racism, and gender, even when consumer culture should be equal.

P.T. Barnum

Got into the circus business and advertises his traveling circus as educational and entertainment for the whole family.

Vagrancy Laws

Where the police work with managers to target people who were lower class of life and move them away from the store

Pullman Car

Railcars with incorporated modern ammenities that aimed to appeal to the middle class

Plessy V. Ferguson (1896)

The Supreme Court upholds the Jim Crow laws. That separate facilities are legal.

YMCA's

Was one of the first promoters was the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), which started in Boston in 1851, promoting physical activity

The Great Outdoors

Where people experienced it differently. RV parks become popular later

John Muir

The most famous conservationist was John Muir, who founded the Sierra Club.

1906 Antiquities Act

Gave presidents the ability to set aside objects (land) of historic and scientific interest without congressional approval.

National Monuments

Receive less protection than national parks and are lobbied for by big business who want to exploit America.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Addressed Congress in 1892 and attacked American society, saying women were not equally trained as men.

Booker T. Washington

Advocated for African Americans could achieve economic prosperity, to erase and lessen discrimination

The Women's Joint Congressional Committee

Is an advocacy group based in D.C. that can defeat the first-ever federally funded healthcare legislation.

Scientific change

Americans have started to have more faith in science based on new inventions and technologies

Social Darwinism

Came from Darwin Book as other people read his book and applied it elsewhere

Mark Twain (Samuel Longhorn Clemens)

Wrote “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” and spoke out against the prevalent racism.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news reporting in the late 19th century, characterized by eye-catching headlines and a focus on scandals and injustices.

Political Machines

Corrupt organizations, often led by a 'boss,' that controlled city districts through bribes, kickbacks, and social services in exchange for votes.

Muckrakers

These are reporters, that developed flash photography, and in 1880-1890, it reached its peak

Mann Act

Prohibited prostitutes from being transported across state lines, accomplishing the goal of closing large numbers of brothels.

Hull House

A place made by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr where they link working and middle classes to learn form one another.

Social work

The goal of many settlements was the foundation of modern-day social work

Upton Sinclair

Wrote “The Jungle,” which focuses on the Chicago Meat-Packing industry

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Factory Fire that led to state development of Labor Codes that addressed safety wages and working hours

The Pendleton Act

Creates the Civil Service Commission. If you want a federal job, you must take and pass a test

People's Party

Were opposite to the liberalists; they want a stronger federal government to protect people and represent a grassroots uprising.

Gold Standard

Meant that if they add silver that will encourage borrowing, stimulate industry, and help the economy grow

New Nationalism

Called for a Federal child labor law, and labor rights, and a national minimum wage for women, and endorses women's right to vote

American Exceptionalism

Many policymakers believe the US has a unique destiny to promote democracy and civilization

Remember Maine

Rallying cry that emerged for the sunken cruiser from the Spanish-American War

Open Door Policy

Wanted leaders and other to believe that the US and a paramount interest in the Caribbean

New Definition of American Liberalism

New definition of American Liberalism after the depression was that the government is committed to intervening in business if needed in the national economy.