The Iliad

What epic convention starts the Iliad?

an invocation to the Muses

Who are the Achaeans?

the Greeks

At what point in the war does the Iliad start?

the ninth year

What did Agememnon do to anger Apollo?

he dishonored Apollo's priest Chryses, who came to fetch his daughter

How does Apollo punish Agememnon?

he shoots plague of deathly arrows down onto the Acheans

How long is Apollo sending arrows to the Acheans?

9 days

How can the Greeks stop Apollo's anger and plague?

give Chryseis to her father without ransom and offer holy sacrifice at they city Chryses

Why do Agememnon and Achilles fight in the beginning?

Achilles wantes to leave war because of Agememnon's selfishness, but Agememnon says plenty others honor him; Agememnon wants Briseis

Who is Briseis?

Achilles' concubine and only war prize

Which goddess intervenes at the beginning and tells Achilles to control himself?

Athena

What is Achilles' threat/oath regarding maltreatment by Agememnon?

One day, when needed by Acheans, Achilles won't fight. Achaeans will miss him and grief will tear their hearts apart

After Agamemnon takes Briseis, who does Achilles plead to for help?

Thetis

Who is Thetis?

Achilles' goddess mother

Who does Thetis go to in hope of helping Achilles?

Zeus

What does Zeus say he will do?

help the Trojans in the war

Why is Zeus's task for Achilles difficult?

his wife, Hera, is on Achean's side

Who is Chryses?

Apollo's priest

What was taken from Chryses?

his daughter by Agamemnon

Who is Chryseis?

Chryses' daughter

Who is Calchas?

skilled prophecy giver

Who is Nestor?

orator, compromise-giver

What side of war is Hector on?

Trojan

Who is Hector's dad?

Priam

What is Hector's status in Troy?

prince

What is Hector's position in war?

greatest warrior/leader

Why does Hector refuse Adromache's wish to stay and not fight?

he doesn't want to dishonor his father and his son

What pains Hector most about the future fall of Troy?

that when Hector dies, Andromache will be extremely sad and upset

What effect has Zeus had in the war?

he tremendously helped the Trojans

Near the middle of the story, what was Agamemnon realized about his actions?

Zeus is punishing him for them

What advice does Nestor give to Agamemnon?

he tells him to win back Achilles with amends and prizes--SAY SORRY

What are some things Agamemnon offers to Achilles as peace offering?

20 cauldrons, 12 horses, 7 women from Lesbos, Briseis, 20 Trojan women, one Agamemnon's daughters to wed, etc.

Was the biggest thing Agamemnon offered Achilles in return for Achilles return?

Agamemnon's submittance to Achilles

What is relationship between Patroclus and Achilles?

"BEST FRIENDS"- Patroclus is Achilles' helper

What does Achillles mean by saying that cowards and brave men get equal honor?

In the end, everyone dies

Why is Achilles weary of fighting for Agamemnon?

he wins nothing for all of his suffering

What does Achilles plan to do the day after his friends visit him?

leave and go home, relax; make sacrifices to Zeus

What are Achilles' views on mortality?

no one gets life back, his fame will get lost, he doesn't care about honor

How does Ajax react to the situation of Achilles leaving?

tells Achilles he should remain loyal to his friends

What is turning point of the story for Achilles?

Patroclus is killed in battle

How does Achilles react to Patroclus' death?

he was mortified-throws a tantrum

Who killed Patroclus?

Hector

What does Achilles plan to do in retalliation for Patroclus' death?

kill Hector

What will Achilles lose if he kills Hector?

his life

What promise does Thetis make Achilles make before battle?

that Achilles won't fight until morning

Why does Thetis want Achilles to wait to go into battle?

so she can bring him new armor made by Hephaustus

Even though he can't join battle, what does Achilles do to help recover Patroclus' body?

he furiously screams 3 times and blazes forth to distract Trojans

What disagreement is taking place in Trojan camps after Achilles returns to battle?

Polydamas wants to run from Achilles, Hector refuses

What vow does Hector take regarding Achilles?

he won't back away from Achilles

Who robbed Trojans of their wits?

Athena

What does Achilles plan to do to Hector?

kill him, bring his head to Patroclus, slit throats of 12 prisoners, and burn them with Patroclus

Who made Achilles' armor?

Hephaestus

What is so awesome about Hephaestus' armor?

it depicts all of Greek culture - wartime and peacetime, military, religious and agricultural

What does Achilles say to Agamemnon at the end of the story?

he wants to go to war and their fight over a girl was dumb--he wants Briseis dead

Who is Xanthus?

Achilles' chariot horse

Who give Xanthus power of speech?

Hera

What does Xanthus say to Achilles?

he'll bring him back safely from battle, but he will die soon anyway

When Priam sees Achilles heading towards Ilion, what is his plea to Hector and what is he afraid of?

he wants Hector to refrain from fighting Achilles because he knows Hector will lose. If Hector dies, Priam's family will be destroyed by Acheans. His city will be destroyed, and Priam will be left to be eaten by dogs

Who is Hector's mother?

Hecuba

What is Hecuba's fear when Hector is faced with Achilles 1 on 1?

Hector won't get a proper funeral/burial

What is Hector's internal conflict at the end, when faced with 1 on 1 Achilles?

he'll get glory if fights, but shame if he runs or surrenders.

SHAME VS. GLORY

What does Hector do when faced with Achilles?

runs away

When Hector runs away from Achilles, where does he run?

around Troy 3 times

What are Zeus's feelings when he watches Hector and Achilles in the end?

he pities Hector, who is a good guy

Who helps Achilles in final battle against Hector?

Athena

What makes Hector stop running and fight Achilles in final battle?

Athena, disguised as Deiphobus

Who is Deiphobus?

Hector's brother

What does Hector try to make Achilles agree to before their final duel?

the winner won't abuse the loser's body

Who does Achilles' respond to Hector's request for corpse-respect?

he says no way- if Achilles kills Hector, he will abuse the body

Describe final confrontation between Achilles and Hector.

the 2 fight and Hector asks for a big fight so he gets a little glory (Achilles misses-isn't perfect)

How does Achilles win the final battle?

Athena helps him, and so does his armor

What is Hector's final request to Achilles?

Hector asks for Achilles to accept a ransom and give his body back to Trojans, so he is properly buried

How does Achilles respond to Hector's final request?

Achilles says he doesn't care what money he's offered, he'll abuse Hector's body

What does Achilles do with Hector's body right after the final duel?

he ties a rope through Hector's ankles, ties the rope to his chariot, and drags Hector as he rides off on Hector's native land

How does Apollo feel about the final duel?

he feels it was unfair of the gods to help Achilles, who is ruthless and selfish

What message does does Thetis send to Achilles after Hector is dead?

the gods, especially Zeus, are annoyed with him for not returning Hector's body

What message does Iris send to Priam after Hector is dead?

Priam should go to Achean ships with a big ransom and beg for Hector's body

How does Priam treat his remaining sons after Hector is dead?

he tells them he wishes they died instead of Hector and that they are all disgraceful

Who guides Priam to Achilles after Hector is dead?

Hermes

How does Priam appeal to Achilles after Hermes led Priam to Achean ships?

he enters Achilles' hut, kneels, and kisses Achilles' hands--"remember your dad"

How does Achilles initially respond to Priam's weird entrance to his hut?

he weeps and tells Priam he's surprised/impressed that Priam came to Acheans alone and that all men go through good and bad

After Priam begs for it, what does Achilles do to Hector's body?

he has it washed and wrapped, then gives it to Priam

Why does Achilles beg Patroclus for forgiveness after he gives Hector's body to Priam?

because he is helping the family of the man who killed Patroclus

What generosity does Achilles give regarding Hector's burial?

he will halt fighting

How long will Hector's funeral take?

11 days

What is the danger if Priam is found by other Acheans in their camp?

the Acheans will kill him in hopes of getting a huge huge ransom for the body

Describe Andromache's lament for Hector.

she says that she and their child will be harmed by Acheans and the son will die because their protector is gone

Describe Hecuba's lament for Hector.

she says that gods took care of him and that the reason Hector was killed by Achilles was for Patroclus, who is still dead

Describe burial rite given to Hector.

a huge pyre was built--Hector was burned, and then sprinkled with wine. His bones were collected, put in an urn, and buried

Who is Agememnon?

Achean king, in charge of army (arrogant selfish)

Who is Aphrodite?

goddess of beauty and love, helps Trojans

Who is Apollo?

god of archery

Who is Athena?

goddess of wisdom/battle, helps Acheans

Who is Briseis?

Achilles' wife and only war prize

Who is Hephaestus?

god of forgery/fire

Who is Hermes?

messenger god

Who is Menalaus?

King of Sparta, Agememnon's bro, ex-husband of Helen (cause of war)

Who is Nestor?

really smart, advisor of Achean army stuff, super persuesive orator

Who is Odysseus?

cleverest Achean warrior, mediator

Who is Paris?

Hector's bro, unmanly, takes Helen (causing war)

Who is Polydamus?

Trojan commandor, foil of Hector, offers cool sound advice-rarely acted out