Exam 3 - Brain, Cranial Nerves, Nervous System, Spinal Nerves

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98 Terms

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Cerebrum

2 Hemispheres, 4 Lobes Each Side

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

<p>2 Hemispheres, 4 Lobes Each Side</p><p>Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital</p>
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Gyri

Wrinkles of the Brain

<p>Wrinkles of the Brain</p>
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Sulci

Valleys of the Brain between Gyri

<p>Valleys of the Brain between Gyri</p>
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Fissures

Deeper Valleys of the Brain Separating Lobes

<p>Deeper Valleys of the Brain Separating Lobes</p>
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Telencephalon

The Cerebrum of the Brain

Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My

<p>The Cerebrum of the Brain</p><p>Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My</p>
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Diencephalon

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

Middle Most Vesicle of the Brain

Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My

<p>Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus</p><p>Middle Most Vesicle of the Brain</p><p>Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My</p>
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Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Directly Below the Diencephalon

Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My

<p>Midbrain</p><p>Directly Below the Diencephalon</p><p>Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My</p>
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Metencephalon

Pons and Cerebellum

Below Mesencephalon, Above Myelencephalon

Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My

<p>Pons and Cerebellum</p><p>Below Mesencephalon, Above Myelencephalon</p><p>Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My</p>
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Myelencephalon

Medulla Oblongata - CARDIAC, VASOMOTOR, RESPIRATORY, and REFLEXES

Bottom Most Vesicle of the Brain, Above Brain Stem

Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My

<p>Medulla Oblongata - <strong>CARDIAC, VASOMOTOR, RESPIRATORY, and REFLEXES</strong></p><p>Bottom Most Vesicle of the Brain, Above Brain Stem</p><p>Tel, Di, Mes, Met, My</p>
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Gray Matter

Neuron Cell Bodies, Dendrites and UNMYELINATED Axons

<p>Neuron Cell Bodies, Dendrites and UNMYELINATED Axons</p>
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White Matter

MYELINATED AXONS

<p>MYELINATED AXONS</p>
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Cranial Meninges

3 Connective Tissue Layers Covering Skull

Composed of the Dura, Arachnoid and Dura Mater

<p>3 Connective Tissue Layers Covering Skull</p><p>Composed of the Dura, Arachnoid and Dura Mater</p>
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Dura Mater

Tough, Outer Membrane (Superficial C. Meninges)

Composed of the Meningeal and Periosteal Layers

<p>Tough, Outer Membrane (Superficial C. Meninges)</p><p>Composed of the Meningeal and Periosteal Layers</p>
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Arachnoid Mater

Middle Web-like Fibers (Middle C. Meninges)

<p>Middle Web-like Fibers (Middle C. Meninges)</p>
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Pia Mater

Layer Clinging to Brain (Deep C. Meninges)

<p>Layer Clinging to Brain (Deep C. Meninges)</p>
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Lateral Ventricles

Sheep-Horn Ventricles

Connected to 3rd via Interventricular Foramen

<p>Sheep-Horn Ventricles</p><p>Connected to 3rd via Interventricular Foramen</p>
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3rd Ventricle

Connect to 4th Ventricle via Cerebral Aqueduct

<p>Connect to 4th Ventricle via Cerebral Aqueduct</p>
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4th Ventricle

Connected to Central Canal + Subarachnoid Space

<p>Connected to Central Canal + Subarachnoid Space</p>
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fills Ventricles in Brain

‘Reduces’ Brain’s Weight, Liquid Cushion

Transport Nutrients, Shield from Chemical Fluctuations

<p>Fills Ventricles in Brain</p><p>‘Reduces’ Brain’s Weight, Liquid Cushion</p><p>Transport Nutrients, Shield from Chemical Fluctuations</p>
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Choroid Plexus

Creates CSF, Made by Ependymal Cells Located in Pia Mater

<p>Creates CSF, Made by Ependymal Cells Located in Pia Mater</p>
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CSF Circulation

Continuously Formed and Reabsorbed

(Flows from Arachnoid Villi into Dural Venous Sinuses)

<p>Continuously Formed and Reabsorbed</p><p>(Flows from Arachnoid Villi into Dural Venous Sinuses)</p>
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Hydrocephalus

Excessive CSF Condition, Megamind

<p>Excessive CSF Condition, Megamind</p>
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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

Regulates what Substances Enter the Brain’s Interstitial Fluid

Helps Prevent Neurons to Toxic Substances

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Cerebrum

Origin of all Complex Intellectual Function

  • Intelligence / Reasoning

  • Thought, Memory, Judgement

  • VOLUNTARY Motor, Visual and Auditory

<p>Origin of all Complex Intellectual Function</p><ul><li><p>Intelligence / Reasoning</p></li><li><p>Thought, Memory, Judgement</p></li><li><p>VOLUNTARY Motor, Visual and Auditory</p></li></ul>
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Corpus Callosum

White Matter Tract Connecting Left + Right Hemispheres

<p>White Matter Tract Connecting Left + Right Hemispheres</p>
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Longitudinal Fissure

Deep Sulcus Separating Left and Right Hemispheres

<p>Deep Sulcus Separating Left and Right Hemispheres</p>
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Frontal Lobe

PRECENTRAL GYRUS - VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

Concentration, Communication, Personality etc…

<p>PRECENTRAL GYRUS - VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT</p><p>Concentration, Communication, Personality etc… </p>
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Parietal Lobe

POSTCENTRAL GYRUS - SENSORY FUNCTIONS

<p>POSTCENTRAL GYRUS - SENSORY FUNCTIONS</p>
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Temporal Lobe

Hearing and Smell

<p>Hearing and Smell</p>
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Occipital Lobe

Vision / Visual Memory

<p>Vision / Visual Memory</p>
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Insular Lobe

Memory and Taste

<p>Memory and Taste</p>
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Primary (Somatic / Voluntary) Motor Cortex

Motor Homunculus, Controls Skeletal Muscle Activity on Opposite Side of Body

<p>Motor Homunculus, Controls Skeletal Muscle Activity on Opposite Side of Body</p>
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Broca and Wernicke Area

Controls Speech and Language Comprehension Respectively

<p>Controls Speech and Language Comprehension Respectively</p>
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Premotor Cortex (Somatic / Voluntary Motor Association)

Coordinated Learned Activities (Muscle Memory)

<p>Coordinated Learned Activities (Muscle Memory)</p>
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Receives Somatic Sensory Information (Touch / Feel)

Sensory Homunculus, Posterior to Motor Cortex

<p>Receives Somatic Sensory Information (Touch / Feel)</p><p>Sensory Homunculus, Posterior to Motor Cortex</p>
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Homunculus

Larger Gyri Provide for More Detailed Movement

<p>Larger Gyri Provide for More Detailed Movement</p>
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Association Tracts

Relay Impulses to Same Hemisphere

<p>Relay Impulses to Same Hemisphere</p>
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Commissural Tracts

Relay Impulses to Opposite Hemisphere

BLUE

<p>Relay Impulses to Opposite Hemisphere</p><p>BLUE</p>
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Projection Tracts

Link Cerebral Cortex to Inferior Brain + Spinal Cord

GREEN

<p>Link Cerebral Cortex to Inferior Brain + Spinal Cord</p><p>GREEN</p>
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Right Hemisphere

The Emotional and Creative Brain

<p>The Emotional and Creative Brain</p>
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Left Hemisphere

The Logistical and Analytical Brain

<p>The Logistical and Analytical Brain</p>
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Cerebral (Basal) Nuclei

Deep Gray Matter in Cerebrum that Regulate Motor Output

<p>Deep Gray Matter in Cerebrum that Regulate Motor Output</p>
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Pineal Gland

Secretes Melatonin

Regulates Day-Night Cycles

Helps Circadian Rhythm

<p>Secretes Melatonin</p><p>Regulates Day-Night Cycles</p><p>Helps Circadian Rhythm</p>
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Infundibulum

Stalk of the Pituitary Gland

<p>Stalk of the Pituitary Gland</p>
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The Midbrain

Holds…

  • CN III (Oculomotor)

  • CN IV (Trochlear)

  • Cerebral Peduncles

  • Cerebral Aqueduct

  • Tectum

    • Superior Colliculi

    • Inferior Colliculi

<p>Holds…</p><ul><li><p>CN III (Oculomotor)</p></li><li><p>CN IV (Trochlear)</p></li><li><p>Cerebral Peduncles</p></li><li><p>Cerebral Aqueduct</p></li><li><p>Tectum</p><ul><li><p>Superior Colliculi</p></li><li><p>Inferior Colliculi</p></li></ul></li></ul>
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The Brainstem

Holds…

  • Midbrain

  • Pons

  • Medulla Oblongata

<p>Holds… </p><ul><li><p>Midbrain</p></li><li><p>Pons</p></li><li><p>Medulla Oblongata</p></li></ul>
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The Pons

Does…

  • Sensory + Motor Tracts

  • Respiratory Center (RR)

  • Cranial Nerve Nuclei

    • CN V (Trigeminal)

    • CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

<p>Does…</p><ul><li><p>Sensory + Motor Tracts</p></li><li><p>Respiratory Center (RR)</p></li><li><p>Cranial Nerve Nuclei</p><ul><li><p>CN V (Trigeminal)</p></li><li><p>CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)</p></li></ul></li></ul>
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Medulla Oblongata

Does…

  • Cardiac Center (HR)

  • Vasomotor Center

  • Medullary Respiratory Center

  • Nuclei for CNs IX - XII

<p>Does…</p><ul><li><p>Cardiac Center (HR)</p></li><li><p>Vasomotor Center</p></li><li><p>Medullary Respiratory Center</p></li><li><p>Nuclei for CNs IX - XII</p></li></ul>
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Cerebellum

Continuously Receives Motor Plans + Sensory Feedback

  • Left and Right Hemispheres

  • Middle Separation - Vermis

  • Cerebellar Cortex - Outer Gray Matter

  • Arbor Vitae - Internal White Matter

<p>Continuously Receives Motor Plans + Sensory Feedback</p><ul><li><p>Left and Right Hemispheres</p></li><li><p>Middle Separation - Vermis</p></li><li><p>Cerebellar Cortex - Outer Gray Matter</p></li><li><p>Arbor Vitae - Internal White Matter</p></li></ul>
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The Limbic System

Controls Emotions (Just Know This)

<p>Controls Emotions (Just Know This)</p>
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Olfactory Nerve

CN I - Sense of Smell

1/3 Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN I - Sense of Smell</p><p>1/3 Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Optic Nerve

CN II - Sense of Vision

1/3 Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN II - Sense of Vision</p><p>1/3 Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Oculomotor Nerve

CN III - Controls Most Eye Movement, Eyelids, and Pupil Diameter (Light Sensors)

1/5 Motor Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN III - Controls Most Eye Movement, Eyelids, and Pupil Diameter (Light Sensors)</p><p>1/5 Motor Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Trochlear Nerve

CN IV - Controls Superior Oblique Eye Muscles

1/5 Motor Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN IV - Controls Superior Oblique Eye Muscles</p><p>1/5 Motor Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Trigeminal Nerve

CN V - Somatic Sensation from Face + Chewing

1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN V - Somatic Sensation from Face + Chewing</p><p>1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Abducens Nerve

CN VI - Controls Lateral Eye Movement Only

1/5 Motor Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN VI - Controls Lateral Eye Movement Only</p><p>1/5 Motor Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Facial Nerve

CN VII - Controls Face Muscles, Provides Signals for Taste

1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN VII - Controls Face Muscles, Provides Signals for Taste</p><p>1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve

CN VIII - Senses Hearing, Balance and Equilibrium

1/3 Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN VIII - Senses Hearing, Balance and Equilibrium</p><p>1/3 Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Cn IX - Taste and Touch from Tongue, Controls Swallowing, Controls Big Salivary Gland

1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>Cn IX - Taste and Touch from Tongue, Controls Swallowing, Controls Big Salivary Gland</p><p>1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Vagus Nerve

CN X - Visceral (Autonomic) Sensation, Parasympathetic Nerve to Many Body Organs

1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN X - Visceral (Autonomic) Sensation, Parasympathetic Nerve to Many Body Organs</p><p>1/4 Motor + Sensory Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Accessory Nerve

CN XI - Controls Neck Muscles, Pharynx

1/5 Motor Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN XI - Controls Neck Muscles, Pharynx</p><p>1/5 Motor Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Hypoglossal Nerve

CN XII - Controls Tongue Muscles

1/5 Motor Nerves

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat

<p>CN XII - Controls Tongue Muscles</p><p>1/5 Motor Nerves</p><p>On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn Vs German Viewed A Hat</p>
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Cervical Enlargement

Controls Nerves to Upper Limbs

<p>Controls Nerves to Upper Limbs</p>
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Lumbar Enlargement

Contains Nerves to Lower Limbs

<p>Contains Nerves to Lower Limbs</p>
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Spinal Nerves

31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves

  • 8 Cervical

  • 12 Thoracic

  • 5 Lumbar

  • 5 Sacral

  • 1 Coccygeal (Coccyx / Tailbone)

<p>31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves</p><ul><li><p>8 Cervical</p></li><li><p>12 Thoracic</p></li><li><p>5 Lumbar</p></li><li><p>5 Sacral</p></li><li><p>1 Coccygeal (Coccyx / Tailbone)</p></li></ul>
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Spinal Cord Meninges

  • Pia Mater - Inner Most, Sticks to Spinal Cord

  • Arachnoid Mater - Middle, Web-Like Layer

  • Dura Mater - Outer Most, Tough Layer

<ul><li><p>Pia Mater - Inner Most, Sticks to Spinal Cord</p></li><li><p>Arachnoid Mater - Middle, Web-Like Layer</p></li><li><p>Dura Mater - Outer Most, Tough Layer</p></li></ul>
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Gray Matter in Spinal Cord

Anterior Horns - Bottom Bump

Lateral Horns - Side Bump

Posterior Horns - Top Bump

<p>Anterior Horns - Bottom Bump</p><p>Lateral Horns - Side Bump</p><p>Posterior Horns - Top Bump</p>
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Sensory Nuclei

Located in the Posterior Horn

  • Somatic Sensory - Receive Signals from Skin, Muscles, Joints

  • Visceral Sensory - Receive Signals from Blood Vessels / Visceral Organs

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Motor Nuclei

Located in Anterior and Lateral Horns

  • Somatic Motor - ANTERIOR HORNS - Skeletal Muscle

  • Autonomic Motor - LATERAL HORNS - Smooth / Cardiac Muscle

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Spinal Cord White Matter

Funiculus = WHITE MATTER

  • (4) Anterior Funiculus - Sensory + Motor Tracts

  • (5) Lateral Funiculus - Sensory + Motor Tracts

  • (6) Posterior Funiculus - Sensory Tracts called Fasciculi

<p>Funiculus = WHITE MATTER</p><ul><li><p>(4) Anterior Funiculus - Sensory + Motor Tracts</p></li><li><p>(5) Lateral Funiculus - Sensory + Motor Tracts</p></li><li><p>(6) Posterior Funiculus - Sensory Tracts called <strong>Fasciculi</strong></p></li></ul>
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Sensory Pathways

Ascend to the Brain

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Motor Pathways

Descend from the Brain

  • Controls Skeletal Muscles

  • Includes 2 Neurons

    • Upper Motor - Contacts Lower Motor Neuron

    • Lower Motor - Located in Cranial Nerve Nucleus or Anterior Horn of Spinal Cord

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Sensory Pathway to Brain

  • PRIMARY - Cell Body in Posterior Root

  • SECONDARY - Is an Interneuron to Thalamus
    TERTIARY - 3rd Order - Is an Interneuron to 1st Degree Sensory Cortex

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Nerve Plexus

Network of Interweaving Anterior Rami

  • 4 Main Plexuses Occurring Bilaterally

    • Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral

<p>Network of Interweaving Anterior Rami</p><ul><li><p>4 Main Plexuses Occurring Bilaterally</p><ul><li><p>Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral</p></li></ul></li></ul>
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Spinal Nerves Split

(DORSAL ROOT) Posterior Ramus - Controls Muscles and Skin of Back - BACK ROOT

(VENTRAL ROOT) Anterior Ramus - Forms Nerve Plexuses - FRONT ROOT

Rami Communicants - Small Branches of Autonomic Fibers

<p>(DORSAL ROOT) Posterior Ramus - Controls Muscles and Skin of Back - BACK ROOT</p><p>(VENTRAL ROOT) Anterior Ramus - Forms Nerve Plexuses - FRONT ROOT</p><p>Rami Communicants - Small Branches of Autonomic Fibers</p>
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Reflex Arc

  1. Stimulus

  2. Afferent Pathway

  3. Control Center

  4. Efferent Pathway

  5. Response

<ol><li><p>Stimulus</p></li><li><p>Afferent Pathway</p></li><li><p>Control Center</p></li><li><p>Efferent Pathway</p></li><li><p>Response</p></li></ol>
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Classification of Spinal Reflexes

Is the Spinal Cord / Cranial the Control Center…

Somatic - Skeletal Muscle is the Effector

Visceral - Cardiac / Smooth Muscle is the Effector

  • honestly i really dont fucking know

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Monosynaptic Reflex - Stretch Reflex

Reflexive Contraction of a Muscle After it is Stretched

<p>Reflexive Contraction of a Muscle After it is Stretched</p>
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Polysynaptic Reflexes - Withdrawal Reflexes

Stimulus —> Nociceptor Sensory Neuron —> Spinal Cord —> Excites Interneurons

Interneurons —> Motor Neurons = Contraction on Muscles

<p>Stimulus —&gt; Nociceptor Sensory Neuron —&gt; Spinal Cord —&gt; Excites <strong>Interneurons</strong></p><p><strong>Interneurons </strong>—&gt; Motor Neurons = Contraction on Muscles</p>
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Hypothalamus

Controls the ANS

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Somatic Nervous System

  • 1 Neuron Extends From CNS to Skeletal Muscles

    • Cell Bodies Located in Brainstem or Spinal Cord

    • Release ACh

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Autonomic Nervous System

  • Visceral Motor System

  • Maintain Homeostasis

  • Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

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Sympathetic NS - Part of ANS

Fight-or-Flight

Preganglionic Axons are Short

Postganglionic Axons are Long

Mass Activation of Activity

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Parasympathetic NS - Part of ANS

Rest-and-Digest

The 3 D’s : Digestion, Defecation and Diuresis (Digest, Shit and Piss)

Preganglionic Axons are Long

Postganglionic Axons are Short

Localized Activity

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Cranial Nerves of Parasympathetic NS

CN III - Oculomotor

CN VII - Facial (Glands in Face)

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal (Big Salivary Gland in Mouth)

CN X - Vagus (All Internal Organs)

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

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Communicating Rami

  • White Rami - Myelinated, PREGANGLIONIC Axons From T1 Vertebrae - L2 Vertebrae

  • Gray Rami - Unmyelinated, POSTGANGLIONIC Axons From Trunk to all Spinal Nerves

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Preganglionic Sympathetic

  1. Short - Myelinated

  2. ACh

  3. Nicotinic Receptors

  4. Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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Preganglionic Parasympathetic

  1. Long - Myelinated

  2. ACh

  3. Nicotinic Receptors

  4. Terminal Ganglia, Intramural Ganglia

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Postganglionic Sympathetic

  1. Long

  2. Norepinephrine

  3. Adrenergic (Vasomotor)

  4. Target Organs (Heart, Smooth Muscle)

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Postganglionic Parasympathetic

  1. Short

  2. ACh

  3. Muscarinic

  4. Target Organs

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Sympathetic Splanchnic Nerves

PREGANGLIONIC Axons do not Synapse in Sympathetic Trunk

Terminate in Prevertebral Ganglia

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Sympathetic Pathways (Preganglionic, Myelinated, Lateral Horn of Gray Matter)

  • Spinal Nerve Pathway - Sweat Glands, Smooth Muscle of Erector Pilli?

  • Postganglionic Sympathetic Pathway - Internal Organs, Sweat Glands of Head/Neck

  • Splanchnic Nerve Pathway - Abdominal Visceral Organs

  • Adrenal Medulla Pathway - Kidneys - Release Norepinephrine

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Autonomic Nervous System Neurotransmitters (15.5a)

  • ANS Uses ACh and Norepinephrine

    • Cells Releasing ACh = Cholinergic Neurons

    • Target Cells have Cholinergic Receptors

      • All Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

    • Sympathetic Ganglionic Neurons - Sweat Glands

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Cholinergic Receptors (15.5b)

  • Nicotinic Receptors

    • Found on all Ganglionic Neurons and Adrenal Medulla Cells

    • When ACh Binds, N. Receptor opens Cation Channel

  • Muscarinic Receptors

    • Found in Target Organs

    • All Receptors use Second Messengers

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Adrenergic Receptors (15.5c)

Located in Target Organs

  • Alpha Receptors - Stimulated by Norepinephrine

  • Beta Receptors - Stimulated or Inhibited by Norepinephrine

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Dual Innervation (15.6b)

  • Organ Receives Input from both the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

    • Organ may receive Same or Different Stimulus

      • Same Stimulus : Male Reproductive System

      • Different Stimulus : Pupil Size, HR and GI Tract Movement

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Sympathetic Innervation (15.6c)

  • Opposing Effects Without Dual Innervation (15.6)

    • Blood Vessels Constrict with Increased Sympathetic Activity

    • Blood Vessels Dilate with Decreased Sympathetic Activity

  • Sympathetic Innervation ONLY

    • Sweat Glands of Trunk of Body

    • Arrector Pili Muscles in Skin

    • Adrenal Medulla Cells (Kidneys)

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Vasomotor Center

Sympathetic Nervous System Only

Vasoconstriction - Increased Stimulation of SNS

Vasodilation - Decreased Stimulation of SNS