GS 5 - 1-21

AP Human Geography

Primary sector

Portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of Earth's materials from the surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry (natural resource extraction).

Secondary sector

Economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation.

Tertiary sector

Activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services.

Hunting and gathering

Killing of wild animals and fish as well as collecting of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants.

Agriculture

Deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface though the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock.

Koppen

Creator of the climate classification system used in maps to show climate regions.

Extensive agriculture

Agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor and/or capital per unit land area.

Intensive agriculture

Agricultural system characterized by high inputs of labor and/or capital per unit of land area.

Rural settlement patterns

Farms, villages, or towns that have any of the following patterns - dispersed, clustered, or linear.

Survey systems

American - Township and Range; French - Long-lot; World - Metes and Bounds.

Agricultural hearths (Carl Sauer)

Strongly believed that agriculture came about through numerous agricultural hearths.

First Agricultural Revolution

Plant and animal domestication was achieved during this historical event around 12,000 B.C.

Domestication

Conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans.

Fertile Crescent

Area located near the southeastern Mediterranean coast.

Colombian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Centered in Europe, it improved agricultural production with the use of technology, among other things.

Evolution of crop rotation

Changes made in the rotation of crops in Europe from the 5th to the 18th century.

Mechanization

Replacement of human labor with technology or machinery.

Enclosure Acts

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land use by peasant farmers.

Subsistence agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, by typically rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing input of fertilizer and pesticides.

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.