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Socialization
The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self.
Life Course
The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives.
Primary Socialization
Socialization from infancy to early childhood.
Secondary Socialization
Socialization from early childhood through adult life.
Social Reproduction
The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time.
Agents of Socialization
Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place.
Resocialization
The process whereby people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world.
Anticipatory Socialization
The process whereby we learn about what a particular role might entail before we enter it.
Most Important Value for Parents
Being responsible.
Pew Research Center Survey 2014
Asked over 3,000 Americans about which of 12 qualities were 'most important' to instill in their children.
Top Qualities to Instill
'Being Responsible' came in on top, followed by 'hard work' and 'helping others.'
Cultural Learning Intensity
Primary socialization is the most intense period of cultural learning.
Lifelong Socialization
Socialization exists throughout one's lifetime, but the most lasting socialization occurs in one's childhood.
Influence of Others
No individual is immune to the reaction of others around them, which influences and modifies their behavior at all phases of the life course.
Sociology's Focus
Sociologists focus on the role social life plays in the development of norms and values.
Two Stages of Socialization
Sociology proposes two stages of socialization—primary and secondary socialization.
agents of socialization
The individuals or groups that influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
families
The most important agent of socialization during primary socialization, especially in infancy and early childhood.
schools
A formal process of socialization with a defined curriculum and strict behavioral rules.
peer relationships
Social connections with individuals of the same age or social status that have significant influence.
peer group
A friendship group made up of individuals of the same age or social status.
age-grades
A system in small traditional cultures categorizing individuals of similar age groups with similar rights and obligations.
mass media
Forms of communication designed to reach a wide audience, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television.
work
An agent of socialization where individuals learn values, norms, and develop a sense of self.
hidden curriculum
Informal rules and expectations learned in schools that influence social factors like race, class, gender, and sexuality.
social class
A division of society based on social and economic status that affects patterns of socialization.
ethnic background
Cultural heritage that influences family structure and socialization patterns.
religion
A system of beliefs that can affect socialization patterns within families.
communication technologies
Tools that have developed over time, increasing the influence of mass media as an agent of socialization.
gender roles
Socially constructed roles that dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender.
taboo
A social or cultural prohibition against certain behaviors or discussions.
tracking
The practice of placing students in different educational paths based on perceived ability or socioeconomic status.
ideal body type
A societal standard of physical appearance that individuals may strive to achieve, often influenced by media.
socialization example - families
A child learns what is taboo by observing parental reactions to certain words and actions.
socialization example - schools
A child from a wealthy family is placed in college-prep classes, while a lower-income child is not.
socialization example - peer relationships
A young boy stops dressing up dolls after being mocked by peers, conforming to gender norms.
socialization example - mass media
A young girl becomes concerned about body image due to media depictions of thin women.
socialization example - work
A woman learns values and norms while working as a police officer in a high-crime neighborhood.
Social Roles
Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position.
Socialization
The process through which individuals learn and negotiate their social roles.
Identity
The distinctive characteristics of a person's (or a group's) character that relate to who he is and what is meaningful to him.
Sources of Identity
Main sources of identity include gender, sexual orientation, nationality or ethnicity, and social class.
Social Identity
The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others.
Master Status
A single identity or status that overpowers all the other identities one holds.
Self-Identity
The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.
Multifaceted Identity
The concept of identity in sociology which relates to people's understandings about who they are and what is meaningful to them.
Multiple Social Identities
People often exhibit multiple social identities simultaneously, sometimes seemingly conflicting ones.
Personal Identity
Self-identity that sets us apart as distinct individuals.
Social-Identity vs Self-Identity
Social-identity is differentiated from self-identity.
Life Course Stages
The transitions through which individuals pass during their lives, including childhood, the teenager, young adulthood, midlife, and later life.
Biological vs Social Stages
The stages of the human life course are social as well as biological, influenced by cultural differences and material circumstances.
Childhood
Considered a distinct stage of life, but this has only been the case for the past two or three centuries in the Western world.
Teenage Years
A period where teenage children are often caught between childhood and adulthood.
Socially Necessary Roles
In some cultures, children take on socially necessary roles in society and work instead of experiencing leisure and play.
Transition to Adulthood
Some research shows that teenagers make a better transition to adulthood if engaged in socially meaningful work.
Young Adulthood
Increasingly refers to a period of time during which young adults engage in personal and sexual development.
Cultural Views on Death
In the modern West, death is usually thought of in relation to old age, while in traditional societies more people died in younger age groups.
Childhood Ideal
The notion that childhood today isn't the ideal we think it is, with children often too busy with activities and exposed to life's difficulties.
Adulthood
A stage in life where individuals have and raise children, establish relationships, pursue careers, and engage in community life.
Midlife adulthood
The period between young adulthood and old age, generally believed to fall between the ages of 45 and 65.
Life expectancy at birth
The average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on current mortality rates.
Mean age at first marriage
The average age at which individuals first marry.
Mean age at first birth
The average age at which individuals have their first child.
Socialization
The process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors appropriate to their society.
Cognition
Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering.
Social self
The identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others, as conceptualized by George Herbert Mead.
Self-consciousness
Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others.
Generalized other
A concept in Mead's theory, referring to the understanding of the general values of a group or society during socialization.
Delayed adulthood
The trend where individuals postpone traditional milestones such as marriage and parenthood, particularly in high-income countries.
Cohabitation
Living together in a romantic relationship without being married.
Transitions in life
Key changes or stages individuals pass through during their lives.
Cultural norms
The shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups.
Organized games
Activities that require participants to follow complex rules and notions like fairness and equal participation.
Self-awareness
The recognition of oneself as a distinct individual, separate from others.
Theoretical perspectives
Different frameworks used to understand social phenomena, including the emergence of self.
High-income countries
Nations with a high gross national income per capita, often associated with delayed adulthood trends.
Elderly respect
The varying degrees of respect accorded to older individuals across different societies.
Infographic
A visual representation of information or data, often used to illustrate complex concepts.
Cultural values
The core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists.
Social identity
The portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a social group.
Awareness of self
The recognition and understanding of one's own identity and existence.
Generalized Other
Developed throughout one's life; people draw from it when trying to understand how they should behave in social situations.
Looking Glass Self
According to Cooley's theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves.
Cooley's Theory
The notions we develop about ourselves reflect our interpretations of how others see us.
Active Agents
Youth are not merely passive recipients but rather active agents in shaping others' perceptions.
Sensorimotor Stage
Occurs from birth to age 2; children touch and manipulate objects and explore the physical world.
Preoperational Stage
Occurs from age 2 to 7; children master language and use words to represent objects and images.
Egocentric
Children in the preoperational stage interpret the world almost exclusively from their own perspective.
Concrete Operational Stage
From age 7 to 11; children develop an ability to think in terms of abstract ideas and become less egocentric.
Formal Operational Stage
From age 11 to 15; adolescents are able to deal with more highly abstract concepts and hypothetical ideas.
Freud's Theory of Gender Identity
Gender differences for infants and children center on the possession or absence of the penis.
Nancy Chodorow's Contribution
Gender socialization has much more to do with emotional attachments than genitalia.
Carol Gilligan's View
Gender socialization has to do with the images adult women and men have of themselves and their attainments.
Penis Envy
Girls suffer from 'penis envy' and assume a submissive attitude because she does not have a penis.
Castration Anxiety
Boys feel threatened by the discipline and autonomy of the father and suffer an unconscious fear of castration.
Criticism of Freud's Views
Major criticisms include identifying gender identity too closely with genital awareness and presupposing the supremacy of the male organ.
Age of Gender Learning
Freud believed that gender learning was concentrated around the age of 4-5, but many theorists emphasize the importance of earlier learning.
Development of Separate Self
Children are emotionally attached to their parents at an early age but eventually have to break that attachment to develop a separate sense of self.
Boys' socialization
Boys gain a sense of themselves by breaking from their mothers, even rejecting them.
Girls' socialization
Girls continue to remain somewhat attached to their mothers and thus learn characteristics such as sensitivity and compassion for others.
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