Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
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104 Terms
A. Matter
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What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass
B. Element
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What is the simplest form of a substance that cannot be broken apart and still have the properties of that element?
An atom
What are the most common elements in all living forms?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorous (C.H.N.O.P.S)
C. Atom
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What are the smallest units of matter that has chemical properties?
Atoms
Why do atoms still maintain their original properties of the element that are apart of?
Because the subatomic parts of the element are still present
What are subatomic particles?
Small parts that make up atoms
What are the 3 types of subatomic particles?
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
What are the characteristics of protons (+, h) ? (3)
They are positively charged
Located in the nucleus of an atoms
Number of protons can never be changed in an element
What are the characteristics of neutrons (3)
Neutral: No charge
Located in the nucleus of an atom
Numbers of neutrons CAN change
What are atoms with different numbers of neutrons called?
Isotopes
What are the characteristics of electrons (- , e-) ? (3)
Negatively charged
Located in the "Electron cloud"
Numbers of electrons can change in an element
What are atoms with different amounts of electrons called?
Ions
What is a compound?
Two or more elements bonded together resulting in a new substance with different chemical properties than the elements that comprise it.
What is an example of a compound?
Water - Properties as water are different than hydrogen and oxygen by themselves
What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?
Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, and Hydrogen bonds
What is the strongest type of chemical bond?
Covalent bonds
How are covalent bonds created?
Covalent bonds result from sharing electrons between elements or molecules
What is the difference between polar molecules and non polar molecules?
Polar molecules carry an unequal charge and have unequal sharing of electrons
Non polar molecules have equal sharing and no charge
How are ionic bonds created?
By the gaining or losing of elections (creating an ion) between elements
Ionic bonds are always between what two types of elements?
Metal and non metal elements
What is the weakest of the three bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
How are hydrogen bonds formed?
Between two polar covalent molecules that have a partially positive hydrogen attracted to a partially negative "substance" - usually oxygen
What are the bonds responsible for? (water)
Many of water's properties
What are macromolecules?
Polymers (many units) made up of monomers (one unit)
What are monomers that create macromolecules linked by?
Covalent bonds
What do all contain and what are they classified as? (macromolecules)
Carbon in a ring or chain form
Classified as organic matter
What is dehydration synthesis (DS)?
The joining together of two monomers or molecules to create a polymer/macromolecule
What is formed by this reaction? (dehydration synthesis)
Macromolecules
How are monomers bonded in this reaction?
Covalently
What is a hydroxyl group?
A group of one oxygen molecule and one hydrogen molecule
Hydroxyl and hydrogen are removed from different molecules and form together to create what?
Water
What does this reaction require? (DS)
Energy
What is hydrolysis (H)?
Using water to breaks things apart ()
What happens to macromolecules in this process? (H)
They are broken apart into individual monomers
What does this reaction release? (H)
Energy
How many classes of macromolecules are there?
4
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars ending in -ose
What are carbs made out of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are carbohydrate monomers called?
Monosaccharides
What is it called when two monosaccharides are linked together?
Disaccharides
What are enzymes?
Proteins that catalyze, speed up, chemical reactions
How do these increase chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy ()
Are enzymes changed during the reaction?
No ()
What is denaturation?
Protein/enzyme unfolding
What does the unraveling of the protein/enzyme cause?
It causes the protein/enzyme to NOT function
What can this process (denaturation) be caused by?
Change by pH changes, salt changes, and temperature changes
What are the most common bonds affected during denaturation?
The weak hydrogen bonds associated with secondary structure
A. Characteristics of Living Things
Organized
Responds to stimuli
Maintains Homeostasis
Has a metabolism
Grows or develops
Can reproduce
Changes over time(in populations)
B. Criteria in Detail
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Organization:
Every living thing is organized to some extent
What is the smallest living thing?
A cell
Living things are either...(has to do with cells)
Unicellular or multicellular
What do more complex organisms have more of?
More organizations
What is the creation tree from cell to organism?
Cell --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ system --> Organism
What must organisms be able to do in order to survive?
Respond and react to their environment.
What is a stimulus?
A physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.
What must organisms maintain?
Stable internal conditions
What examples of those stable internal conditions?
Heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar
What is the sum of all chemical reactions that change energy?
Metabolism
What are some examples of metabolism?
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Why do living things grow?
Because of division and enlargement of cells.
What is development?
When an organism becomes a mature adult
What does development help our cells do?
Helps are cells to specialize.
Is reproduction necessary to the survival of an individual?
Nah
What is reproduction necessary for?
The survival of a species
What are the two types of reproduction?
Sexual(2 organisms) and Asexual(1 organism)
Can you change your DNA?
No
What can happen to the DNA of a population over time?
It can change little by little
A. Water is a ________ molecule
polar molecule
What kinda charge does oxygen have?
A slightly negative charge
What kinda charge does hydrogen have?
A slightly positive charge
What does water's polarity allow water to easily make?
Hydrogen bonds
B. Properties of Water
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What is cohesion?
Water molecules binding to other water molecules because of hydrogen bonding
Cohesion is an important part of what process? (plants)
How water moves up a plant
What is adhesion?
Water molecules binding to something other than water molecules because of hydrogen bonding
Is it important in how water moves up plants as well?
Yes
What is surface tension?
Water molecules linking together on the surface of a body of water because of cohesion
What does surface tension allow insects to do?
Walk on the surface of water
What is required to change water into a gas from a liquid?
A large amount of energy
If it is 100 degrees outside, would it be 100 degrees in a pool?
No, because water needs a lot more energy to heat up
Is water less dense as a solid or liquid?
solid
What happens when water reaches 4 degrees Celsius?
The hydrogen bonds change angles and the molecules actually get farther apart
Note 
Flashcards (69)