Unit 3 - Population

3.1 Generalist & Specialist Species

  • some species (generalist feeders) adapt to environmental changes %%better%% than other species (specialist feeders)
  • ^^generalist species^^: thrive in dynamic environments; can adapt well (broad niche)
    • can live in a variety of environments
    • %%broad%% range of ecological tolerance (no specific diet or habitat)
    • usually known for being invasive species
    • ex. raccoons, mule deers, rats, bald eagles
  • ^^specialist species^^: thrive in stable environments; easily struggle or succumb to changes in habitat (narrow niche)
    • only live in specific conditions
    • %%narrow%% range of ecological tolerance (limited diet, conditions, and habitat)
    • ex. giant pandas, mountains gorillas, osprey

3.2 K-Selected & r-Selected Species

  • ^^K-selected species^^: large, quality > quantity in offspring, long life spans, late maturation can reproduce multiple times, specialists, large body types, strong competition in their particular environments
    • %%high levels of competition%% for resources in the habitat
    • %%more prone%% to the colonization of invasive species
    • can %%maintain the population%% at carrying capacity (adjusting population to utilize resources efficiently)
    • ex. giant pandas, elephants
  • ^^r-selected species^^: small, quantity > quality in offspring, early maturation, reproduce only once, generalists
    • %%low competition%% for resources in the habitat
    • prone to %%overpopulation%% by exceeding the carrying capacity
    • can experience %%population dieback%% due to overpopulation
    • ex. mosquitos, invasive species
  • ^^biotic potential^^: max ideal reproductive rate of a population (measurement of growth capacity in populations)
    • ex. 1-2 cubs for giant pandas
  • many species have characteristics of both K-selected and r-selected species
    • ex. osprey, frogs, sea turtles

3.3 Survivorship Curves

  • ^^survivorship curve^^: displays the relative survival rates of a group of same-age individuals in a population
    • ^^x-axis^^: max lifespan of organisms from birth to death
    • ^^y-axis^^: percent of surviving organisms in a population (logarithmically)

Types of Survivorship Curves

  • ==Type I==: late loss
    • a %%large number%% of the population survives throughout their lifespan, reaching old age
    • dies at the end of their lifespan
    • adequate care → increasing chances of survival to maturation
    • represents many ^^K-selected species^^
    • ex. mountain gorillas
  • ==Type II:== constant loss
    • death rate %%constant%% from birth to death
    • organisms die throughout their lifespan
    • ex. birds, squirrels
  • @@Type III@@: early loss
    • surviving rate %%drops immediately%% after birth; few organisms survive to adulthood
    • little to no care → high infant mortality
    • represents many ^^r-selected species^^
    • ex. monarch butterflies

3.4 Carrying Capacity

  • >= carrying capacity → resource depletion → famine, disease, and conflict
  • ^^carrying capacity^^: max number of organisms the environment can support without resource degradation
    • represented as a horizontal dotted line at the top of the graph labeled K
  • ^^population dieback^^: decrease in population as a result of resource degradation caused by overpopulation in species
    • exceeding carrying capacity → population dieback → within carrying capacity
    • ex. reindeer of st. matthew island

3.5 Population Growth and Resource Availability

  • ^^environmental resistance^^: factors that limit population growth
    • emerges after the population goes over carrying capacity
  • %%exponential growth%% = unlimited resources
    • occurs in all populations below carrying capacity (competition does not greatly affect population growth)
  • %%logistic growth%% = limited resources
    • occurs in populations at or above carrying capacity when competition is a dependent variable
  • ^^fecundity^^: ability to produce offspring
    • including factors such as maturation age, reproductive rate, biotic potential, and reproductive strategy

Types of Environmental Resistance Factors

  • ^^density-dependent resistance factors^^: biotic, affects organisms when population density is ==high==
    • ex. competition, predation, parasitism
  • ^^density-independent resistance factors^^: abiotic, affects all populations ==regardless of size or density==
    • ex. natural disasters or droughts

3.6 Age Structure Diagrams

  • another name for %%population pyramid%%
    • shows the distribution of ages in a population divided by males and females
    • shapes represent trends within the population
  • @@x-axis@@: # of individuals (left side male right side female)
  • @@y-axis@@: center of the diagram showing age groups
    • ^^reproductive^^: 0-14 years
    • ^^reproductive^^: 15-45 years
    • ^^post-reproductive^^: 46-100+ years
  • higher proportion of young people = rapid population growth (bottom heavy)
    • wide base, pyramid shape
    • indicates %%developing nation%%
    • ex. india, brazil, nigeria, mexico
  • higher proportion of middle-aged people: stable population growth (middle heavy)
    • rectangular shape
    • similar percentages throughout all age groups
    • indicates %%more developed nations%%
    • ex. united states, sweden, canada, austrailia
  • higher proportion of elder people: declining population growth (top heavy)
    • inverted pyramid shape
    • many people in the post-reproductive stage
    • %%more economic and social development%%, higher education common
    • long-term impact on social services
    • ex. japan, germany, italy, russia

3.7 Total Fertility Rate

  • %%TFR%%: avg # of children a woman has during her childbearing years (15-49)
    • been lowering in recent years depending on the country
    • ex. world avg = 2.5
  • developing countries: ^^TFR > 2.1^^
    • rapid population growth
    • ex. niger, congo, uganda
  • developed countries: ^^TFR <= 2.1^^
    • stable/declining population growth
    • ex. united states, japan, united kingdom

@@Societal Factors@@

  • age of first pregnancy
  • educational opportunities for women
  • family planning resources
  • governmental regulations
  • access to healthcare resources

3.8 Human Population Dynamics

  • %%thomas malthus%% → all populations have a carrying capacity
  • humans are limited by density-independent & density-dependent factors
    • ^^density-independent factors^^: affects population regardless of size or density
    • ex. storms, fire, heat waves, droughts
    • ^^density-dependent factors^^: affects population based on size or density
    • arises during overshoot and dieback → decreasing overpopulation
    • ex. disease transmission, territory size, food availability, access to clean air and water
  • ^^doubling time^^: the amount of time a population takes to double at a constant growth rate
    • calculated using rule of 70
    • @@rule of 70@@: 70/r = doubling time
    • r = growth rate of population (%)

Environmental Problems

  • density-independent factors
    • hurricanes → drop in population due to property damage, economic loss, and better opportunities elsewhere
  • more years a woman is in school = lower TFR

Societal Factors

  • %%birth rates%%:
    • high rate = rapid population growth
    • low rate = slow population growth
  • ^^death rates^^:
    • high rate = slow population growth
    • low rate = rapid population growth
  • ^^education of women^^:
    • high rate = slow population growth
    • low rate = rapid population growth
  • i^^nfant mortality^^:
    • high rate = slow population growth
    • low rate = rapid population growth
  • %%age of marriage%%:
    • early - rapid population growth
    • late - slow population growth
  • %%nutrition%%:
    • better = rapid population growth
    • worse = slow population growth

3.9 Demographic Transition

  • %%demographic transition%%: model that shows trends in CBR, CDR, and total population
    • derived from historical data
    • moving towards industrialization from agricultural-based economies
    • development shown in 4 stages
  • ^^Stage 1^^: high infant mortality, child labor → low growth (preindustrial)
  • ^^Stage 2:^^ improved resources → very high growth (transitional)
    • the gap between birth and death rate widens
    • less developed countries (LDC)
  • ^^Stage 3^^: high education amongst women, low infant mortality → slower growth (industrial)
    • less developed countries (LDC)
    • birth and death rate are almost @@equal@@
  • ^^Stage 4^^: stage 3 + aging population + tax burdens for senior citizen care → zero or negative growth (post-industrial)
    • more developed countries (MDC)

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