some species (generalist feeders) adapt to environmental changes %%better%% than other species (specialist feeders)
^^generalist species^^: thrive in dynamic environments; can adapt well (broad niche)
can live in a variety of environments
%%broad%% range of ecological tolerance (no specific diet or habitat)
usually known for being invasive species
ex. raccoons, mule deers, rats, bald eagles
^^specialist species^^: thrive in stable environments; easily struggle or succumb to changes in habitat (narrow niche)
only live in specific conditions
%%narrow%% range of ecological tolerance (limited diet, conditions, and habitat)
ex. giant pandas, mountains gorillas, osprey
3.2 K-Selected & r-Selected Species
^^K-selected species^^: large, quality > quantity in offspring, long life spans, late maturation can reproduce multiple times, specialists, large body types, strong competition in their particular environments
%%high levels of competition%% for resources in the habitat
%%more prone%% to the colonization of invasive species
can %%maintain the population%% at carrying capacity (adjusting population to utilize resources efficiently)
ex. giant pandas, elephants
^^r-selected species^^: small, quantity > quality in offspring, early maturation, reproduce only once, generalists
%%low competition%% for resources in the habitat
prone to %%overpopulation%% by exceeding the carrying capacity
can experience %%population dieback%% due to overpopulation
ex. mosquitos, invasive species
^^biotic potential^^: max ideal reproductive rate of a population (measurement of growth capacity in populations)
ex. 1-2 cubs for giant pandas
many species have characteristics of both K-selected and r-selected species
ex. osprey, frogs, sea turtles
3.3 Survivorship Curves
^^survivorship curve^^: displays the relative survival rates of a group of same-age individuals in a population
^^x-axis^^: max lifespan of organisms from birth to death
^^y-axis^^: percent of surviving organisms in a population (logarithmically)
Types of Survivorship Curves
==Type I==: late loss
a %%large number%% of the population survives throughout their lifespan, reaching old age
dies at the end of their lifespan
adequate care → increasing chances of survival to maturation
represents many ^^K-selected species^^
ex. mountain gorillas
==Type II:== constant loss
death rate %%constant%% from birth to death
organisms die throughout their lifespan
ex. birds, squirrels
@@Type III@@: early loss
surviving rate %%drops immediately%% after birth; few organisms survive to adulthood