Endterm PQRM

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98 Terms

1

What does qualitative research approach emphasize?

Contextual and subjective accuracy

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2

What does quantitative research seek?

Generalizability

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3

What is the aim of qualitative research?

Describe and understand social phenomena

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4

What does qualitative research look for?

Meaning

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5

What methods does qualitative research use?

Flexible methods

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6

What is the nature of qualitative research data?

Rich and descriptive

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7

How is qualitative data analyzed?

Identification and coding of themes

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8

Does grounded theory start with a hypothesis?

No

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9

What does grounded theory start with?

Data

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10

What is the purpose of coding in qualitative research?

Attach labels to data segments

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11

What are the three types of coding?

Open, axial, selective

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12

What is the starting point in deductive research?

Theory

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13

What philosophical approach is associated with deductive research?

Positivism

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14

What is the sequence in deductive research?

Theory -> Hypothesis -> Observation -> Confirmation

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15

What is the starting point in inductive research?

Data

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16

What philosophical approach is associated with inductive research?

Interpretism

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17

What is the sequence in inductive research?

Observation -> Pattern -> Tentative Hypothesis -> Theory

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18

What informs the research question in inductive research?

Accumulated knowledge

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19

What does inductive research let the project do?

Sensitize

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20

When do you conduct qualitative research?

When there is no answer to a specific question

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21

What should you show in a literature review?

The gap

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22

What is purposive sampling?

Intentionally selecting a sample based on study needs

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23

What is theoretical sampling?

Purposeful and iterative sampling in grounded theory

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24

What does epistemology study?

Knowledge

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25

What is positivism?

Observing behavior, cause and effect, variables, and relationships

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26

For what type of research is positivism better suited?

Research done for decades

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27

What did Francis Bacon say about knowledge?

It is perfect

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28

What does positivism aim to do with hypotheses?

Generate and test them

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29

What is interpretivism?

Understanding the world from an individual's point of view

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30

What type of process is interpretivism?

Subjective

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31

For what type of research is interpretivism better suited?

New things research

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32

What did Harriet Martineau say about truth?

There is no truth

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33

What does interpretivism offer?

An interpretation

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34

What is post-positivism?

Between positivism and interpretivism

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35

What did Karl Popper say about knowledge?

It cannot be perfectly known

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36

How can we generate truthful knowledge according to epistemology?

Interpretivism, Positivism

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37

What is the methodology for interpretivism?

Case study, grounded theory

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38

What is the methodology for positivism?

Experiments, surveys

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39

What methods does interpretivism use to acquire knowledge?

Interviews, observation, discourse analysis

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40

What methods does positivism use to acquire knowledge?

Questionnaires, structured observations

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41

What is an unstructured interview?

Informational conversational interview

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42

What guides a semi-structured interview?

General interview guide

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43

What type of questions are used in a semi-structured interview?

Open-ended, non-dichotomous, singular, clear

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44

What is a structured interview?

Standardized open-ended

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45

What are the ethical principles in qualitative work?

Fairness, transparency, informed consent, confidentiality

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46

When do you start your data analysis in qualitative research?

From the beginning of research

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47

What are the first steps in qualitative data analysis?

Conduct & transcribe interviews, read & reread, analyze while collecting

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48

Are there strict rules for qualitative data analysis?

No, only guides

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49

What is segmenting in qualitative data analysis?

Cutting data in meaningful segments, assigning labels, organizing labels into categories, comparing categories

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50

What is reassembling in qualitative data analysis?

Finding relationships, assessing credibility, theoretical model

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51

How do you prepare for coding?

Compile database, file naming system, page and line numbers

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52

What is a transcript?

Accurate written record of audio/visual data

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53

What are the rules for transcribing interviews?

Write what you hear, delete crutch words, finish unfinished sentences with "-", add comments in [brackets], spelling, use "..." if something is left out, italics for emphasis, identify pauses

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54

What are the two types of open coding?

Open, In vivo

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55

What is in vivo coding?

Label directly from text, use only words from transcript

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56

What is axial coding?

Rearrange the code to categories

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57

What is selective coding?

Identify core variable grounded in data

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58

How to understand the spiral of analysis?

Left side: Input, Middle: Researcher tasks, Right side: Output

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59

What are the steps in the spiral of analysis?

Data collection, Open coding, Axial coding, Selective coding

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60

What is involved in data collection?

Ethical principles, Sampling, Formulating RQ and purpose, Reviewing literature & theory

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61

What are the types of open coding?

In vivo, Researcher-denoted, Theoretical

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62

What is researcher-denoted coding?

Summarized by researcher

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63

What is theoretical coding?

Apply labels from theory

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64

What are the characteristics of the core in selective coding?

Central, Heart of analysis, Appears frequently, Not easily saturated, Abstract formulation, Facilitates analysis

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65

What is the principle of constant comparison?

Alternating data collection and analysis, Non-linear process, Compare new data with previous results

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66

What is involved in building a grounded theory?

Identify patterns, Find contradictory patterns, Support for patterns

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67

What are sensitizing concepts?

Important features of social interaction, Guidelines for research

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68

What is theoretical saturation?

No new data in interviews, Similar patterns appear

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69

What is iteration in research?

Incorporate learning throughout the process

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70

What is ethnography?

Study of human behavior in natural setting, Participation, Observation

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71

When is ethnography used?

Study new phenomena, Uncover hidden aspects

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72

What distinguishes a case study?

End result is understanding, not theory, Various methods

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73

What are the important aspects of content analysis?

Frequency counts, Grouping texts into codes

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74

When to use content analysis?

Identifying frequent ideas, Social media analysis

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75

What are the key activities before data collection?

Ethical principles, Sampling, Formulating RQ and purpose, Reviewing literature & theory

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76

What are the steps in open coding?

In vivo coding, Researcher-denoted coding, Theoretical coding

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77

What is theoretical saturation?

No new data, Similar patterns

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78

What are the main differences in ethnography?

More observation, Fewer questions

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79

What distinguishes case studies?

Single-case, Multiple-case, Holistic unit, Embedded unit

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80

What are the important aspects of content analysis?

Frequency counts, Grouping texts into codes

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81

What is the focus of grounded theory?

Generate theory from data

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82

What analytical approach is used in grounded theory?

Constant comparison

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83

What analytical approach is used in ethnography?

Thick description

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84

What are the data collection methods for ethnography?

Participant observation, Interviews, Gathering artifacts

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85

What is the focus of a case study?

In-depth examination of a single case or small number of cases

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86

What analytical approach is used in case studies?

Using multiple analytical techniques

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87

What are the data collection methods for case studies?

Interviews, Observations, Surveys, Document analysis

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88

What is the focus of content analysis?

Systematic analysis of textual or visual data

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89

What analytical approach is used in content analysis?

Identifying recurring themes, patterns, or trends

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90

What are the data collection methods for content analysis?

Textual or visual data, Surveys, Media content, Social media posts

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91

What is the quality principle associated with internal validity in quantitative research?

Truth value of evidence

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92

What is the qualitative equivalent of internal validity?

Credibility

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93

What is the quality principle associated with external validity/generalizability in quantitative research?

Applicability of evidence

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94

What is the qualitative equivalent of external validity/generalizability?

Transferability

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95

What is the quality principle associated with reliability in quantitative research?

Consistency of evidence

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96

What is the qualitative equivalent of reliability?

Dependability

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97

What is the quality principle associated with objectivity in quantitative research?

"Neutrality" of evidence

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98

What is the qualitative equivalent of objectivity?

Confirmability

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