Biotech Final

Microscopic

Not visible to the unaided eye/ only visible with a microscope

Who discovered chromosomes and When?

Walter Fleming in the 1870s

Who discovered that certain sections of chromosomes in each cell controlloed the development of characteristics?

Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909

How many genes do humans have?

100,000

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs, 46 total

Which men discovered DNA?

James Watson (American) and Francis Crick (British) in 1953

What are the four bases of DNA and what connects to what?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C)

A+T and G+C

Who discovered restriction enzymes, and what are they?

Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans. Enzymes that destroy the DNA of invading viruses

Ligase enzyme

Enzyme used to join two parts of DNA to form the new recombinant DNA

Who were the first to successfully produce recombinant DNA

Stanley Cohen and Herbet Boyer

What do all living things do?

respirate, grow, repair, move, reproduce, have a life span, respond to stimuli

What does excretion mean?

Elimination

Who was the first to sudy biological heredity

Gregor Mendel

How is gender determined?

By the X or Y chromosomes carried by the sperm that fertilises the egg

XX for girl XY for boy

What is the most dramatic tool of biotechnology?

Genetic Engineering

What is the Genome Project? When did it start and end?

A goal to identify all human genes and their funtion. Started in 1986 completed in 2003

Physical gene map

Indicates the position of indvidual genes and the actual distance between genes on the same chromosone in cell nucleus

Linkage gene map

Idicate the positions of genes and which genes are related and likely to combine

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)

Proteins

polymers of amino acids

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)

is a method of making many copies of a spliced gene

What is gel electrophoresis used for? What is the process?

To identify the sequence of DNA bases in a gene. Using an electric current and probes, they identify bases by the rate at which they migrate through the gel. Large segments move slowly, while small fragments move faster.

What two principles has biotechnology concentrated the development of?

Genetic engineering and the use of microbes

What were the first living creatures? (probably)

Microbes

How many types of microbes are there?

5

Bacteria

single-celled microscopic organisms with only one chromosome and no nucleus that can be harmful or beneficial to people

(Procaryotes)

Algae

microscopic plant organisms that grow as single cells or in long filaments

Lichen

plant colonies composed of algae and fungi

Fungi

considered to be their own kingdom. The basic unit of a fungus is not the cell, but rather a tube-shaped structure called a hypha.

**fungi hyphae don't contain chlorophyl**

Protozoa

microscopic, one-celled creatures that can move about under their own power

considered the "first animals" because their simple structure includes most of the basic characteristics of animal cells

Live only in liquid environments

Viruses

Very simple, very small microbes that are actually particles, not cells

Simplest viruses are composed of a strand of DNA carrying only a handful of genes

Can't reproduce on their own but must infect a host cell

DNA is protected by a coat made up of many identical protein subunits

Clones

Clones are organisms that have identical genes.

When was the microscope invented?

17th century

What did Robert Hooke do?

Discovered and named cells

What was invented in the 1930s?

Electon microscope

(The thing could not be alive, had to be cut in thin slices and have all water removed)

Who photographed the Molecule using X-ray diffraction photography?

Rosalinnd Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

What is yeast?

single-celled organisms that can be seen only with a microscope

contain special enzymes that convert sugar into carbon dioxide and ethanol

How is beer made?

Using yeast for fermentation

What fungus caused the irish potato famine?

Phytophthora

Rhizobium

nitrogen fixing bacteria

Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t)

natural insect killer that lives in the soil

What was the first gentically engineered plant?

Disease resistant petunia in the 1980s

Transgenic

The transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

Bacteriophages

viruses that infect bacteria

How far back do edible microbes (SCPs or Single-cell proteins)?

Aztecs in Mexicp

What does bGH stand for?

bovine growth hormone

What was the first animal cloned?

A sheep named dolly

What did Edward Jenner do?

He created the small pox vaccination from cow pox in 1796

What are altered pig genes used for?

Synthetic insulin

Alteplase (tPA)

Dissolves blood clots in heart attack victims

Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT)

Treat emphysema

what is the likelihood of a baby being born with a genetic defect?

1 out of every 100 born

Fragile X syndrome

Genetic mutation carried on the X-chromosome that causes varying degrees of intellectual disability and hyperactivity

Occurs in one out of every 1,500 boys and less frequently in girls

When was the first gene therapy?

1990 on a four year old girl with Sever Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCIDs)

How many antibiotics are there and how many are used to fight diseases?

5,000 total 100 used to fight diseases

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming in 1928

Who isolated penicillin?

Howard Florey

B cells

produce antibodies

Who was the human guniea pig for Penicilin?

Albert Alexander

Antiviral vaccines

Vaccines that fight viruses

Interferons?

proteins that exist naturally in the immune systems of all mammals and are used to help fight off invading viruses

Who injected a boy with rabies without permission?

Louis Pasteur in 1885

When does cancer occur?

affected cells grow wildly, invading healthy tissue, and derailing the body's processes

Carcinogenic

Substances that cause cancer in people

Oncogenes

cancer causing genes

What does HIV and AIDS stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

What causes AIDS?

HIV

Forensic medicine

biology and biotechnology used in a legal setting

Who was the first to use fingerprints in police-related work?

William Herschel in 1860

Who developed genetic fingerprinting or DNA typing

Alec Jefferys in 1984

What are RFLPs?

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Southern blot

technique named after Edwin Southern used in recombinant DNA technology that allows researchers to stabilize specific DNA sequences from an electrophoresis gel and then localize them using DNA dyes or probes.

Autoradiograph

The x-ray picture of RFLPs

Germ line gene therapy

Egg and sperm are genetically altered

Somatic gene therapy

alters the patient's genes, normally only a temporary cute

Retrovirus

A special kind of virus used in gene therapy

Bioremediation

the use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area

Bioassist

usage of microbes that already exist at the polluted site

Bioinjection

Microbes that have cleansing properties are injected into a polluted environment

Synechococcus

a bacterium that could eliminate large amounts of carbon dioxide to help reduce global warming

What does Thioubacillus have the ability to absorb?

SIlver

Who first observed and identified microorganisms with the microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1680

What do scientists believe about stromatolites?

Mats covered areas of the Earth roughly five billion years ago

Steps to produce Ethanol

1. Add water to ground up grains or plants
2. Heat up the mash
3. Ethanol water mixture is heated to vaporize the ethanol which is collected and cooled

How many gallons of ethanol does one bushel of corn produce?

2.6

When is menthane produced?

When microorganisms breakd down sewage or other organic materials that contain carbon and nitrogen

Methanogens

methane createing bateria

What are one stage digester systems?

use bacteria to create methane gas

Steps for a two stage/complex digester system?

1. Algae are grown on sewage material in ponds
2. algae are harvested and placed in a closed digester system

Hydrogenase

Enzyme that produces hydrogen

What do the Alcaligenes bacterium produce?

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Foxing

Brown staining that appears on books from microbes

Effluent

treated wastewater

Which sewage treatment method uses compressed air?

Activated sludge

Trichoderma

Fungus that offers natural non polluting methods for combating plant destroying diseases and insects

Progeria

A rare hereditary disease resulting in rapid aging

Xenotransplantation

The use of animal organs instead of human organ in transplant patients

What percentage of copper in the US is produced by microbial mining?

14%

How many methods of microbial mining are there?

2

Microbial leaching

Water and bacteria, used over a waterproof surface to separate metal compounds from mounds of ore