AP Human Geography - Unit 6 & 7

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

Development of factories, machines, and mass consumerism. ;

Effects of Industrial Revolution

Increased food production, population increase, increase in urbanization, and formation of a new class structure.;

Mercantilism

Belief that countries should collect as much resources as possible. ;

Economic Sector: Primary

Known as "pre-industrial". Resource and extraction based economy. Lacks capital, technology, and skilled labor.;

Economic Sector: Secondary

Known as "industrial". Manufacturing based economy. Has medium level of capital, technology, and trained labor.

Economic Sector: Tertiary

Known as "post-industrial". Research and management based economy. Has high level of capital, technology, and skilled labor.

Economic Sector: Quaternary and Quinary

Specialized post-industrial economy. Quaternary focuses on business management. Quinary focuses on invention.

Pre-Industrial Economy

Resource and extraction based economy. Lacks capital, technology, and skilled labor.

Industrial Economy

Manufacturing based economy. Has medium level of capital, technology, and trained labor.

Post-Industrial Economy

Research and management based economy. Has high level of capital, technology, and skilled labor.

Bulk-Gaining Industry

Final product is larger than the parts that produced it.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

Final product is smaller than the parts used to produce it.

Women in Industry Pre-Industrial:

Limited to domestic work/cottage industries.

Industrial:

Working in low level factory positions for limited pay.

Post-Industrial:

Working in higher management positions for more equal pay.

Location Factors

Availability of labor, location to other similar industries, availability of power, transportation, etc.

Gross Domestic Product

Total value of all products sold in the country.

GDP per captia

GDP divided by total population.

Gross National Product

Total value of all products produced by citizens.

Gender Inequality Index

Measure of women's health services, labor participation, and representation in government.

Human Development Index

Measurement of life expectancy, education, and income.

Microloans

Targeted small loans given to those in poverty. Helps train future business people and uplifts communities.

Dependency Theory

Idea that post-industrial economies (core) keep pre-industrial economies (periphery) dependent on the richer country.

Neocolonialism/Economic Imperialism

Using businesses to take control of resources and economies in poor areas of the world.

Comparative Advantage

Having a high efficiency in producing a particular product.

Opportunity Cost

The cost of choosing one choice and losing out on another

Complementarity

Two countries trading what each other has a comparative advantage in, for the benefit of both.

International Trade Approach

Belief that free trade, globalization, and capitalism will make the world safer and richer (Neoliberalism)

Trade Organizations

International Organizations that try to promote free trade between countries. Know the definition of WTO, World Bank, and IMF

Isolationism

Belief that countries should not engage in globalism or be reliant on international trade.

Isolationist Policies

Import substitution, tariffs, quotas, trade licenses, subsidies

Belt and Road Initiative

China led project to invest in infrastructure and trade routes across Asia and Africa.

Outsourcing

Hiring a different company to manage a part of your operations (customer service, manufacturing, etc).

Off-Shoring

Moving part of your operations to another, cheaper, country.

Special Economic Zones/ Export Processing Zones

Special areas that allow foreign companies to operate with cheaper taxes and looser rules.

Growth Poles

Areas that attract a lot of one type of industry due to availability of skilled labor, infrastructure, and other similar companies being there.

Ecotourism

Tourism focusing on exploring and protecting natural areas.

Increased Urbanization

Cities have grown do to a concentration of economic opportunities in urban areas.

Site and situation

Location of a city, and the strategic benefits that site has.

City

Location with 100,000+ people

Megacity

8 million+ people

Megalopolis

Closely tied areas that operate as one large economic area

Metro Area

Area surrounding a city where everything is focused on that city.

Suburbs

Areas away from a city, with low population density, where people communicate to work in a city.

Exurbs

Small area of economic activity on the edge of suburbs.

Boomburbs

A huge explosion of growth in suburbs then end up having a population of a city, but spread out like a suburbs.

Global City

A city with significant ties to global commerce.

Primate City

A city that is over 2x larger than any other city in the country.

Networks of Trade

Know how shipping lanes, air lanes, and transportation hubs function.

Central Place Theory

Center of a place is large city, smaller cities surround it, smaller towns surround the smaller cities.

Rank Size Rule

The idea that each city in a country should have a population based on its rank in size within a country.

Squatter settlements

Areas of cities that were informally created by those in poverty. Have no access to infrastructure, often controlled by gangs.

Land use segregation/zoning

Zoning legally sets what can be constructed in particular areas of cities.

Low density residential

Suburban, large plot sizes, high cost. High number of green spaces

Medium density residential

Small lot size, multi family dwellings, town homes, medium cost. Small number of green spaces

High density residential

Apartment buildings, low cost, lack of green spaces

Infilling

Constructing new buildings in abandoned areas.

Urban filtering

Expensive areas slowly get bought and turned into apartments, duplexes, ect and filter down to low income families. Eventually become abandoned.

Infrastructure systems

Sewer, power, water, and road systems and networks.

Mixed land use

A type of zoning that has commercial spaces and residential spaces.

Transportation oriented development

Development of a city with a focus on making transportation each and efficient usually using public transportation, walking spaces, and green belts.

New Urbanism

Emphasis on sustainable, people oriented cities.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Sector Model

A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Galatic City Model

model that represents distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has to be transitioned to services as the leading form of production. Manufacturing declines significantly and becomes more specialized. There are several industrial parks.

Latin American City Model

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

Southeast Asian City Model

a spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and Alien commercial zone

African City Model

a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings