Nutrition exam II

all the stuff from the study guide

to avoid protein breakdown, what do we need in our diet?

an adequate intake of carbohydrates

Be able to identify examples of carbohydrate food sources that contain sugars, fiber, and starch.

sugars- fruits, vegetables, and dairy

fiber- legumes and beans

starch- potatoes peas, corn, bread

what is the difference between mono, di, and polysaccharides?

the amount of sugars they contain. Mono- 1, di- 2, poly- many

what is glycogen and where is it synthesized and stored?

glycogen is a molecule containing hundreds of glucose units, stored in the liver and muscles and synthesized in the liver

what hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon

Eating starchy and high fiber foods may reduce risks of developing which diseases?

Cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease

what is glycemic index?

a measure of how quickly carbs in foods are absorbed

Diets rich in whole grains, legumes, and vegetables (especially whole grains) may protect against heart disease and stroke. True or false?

True

Which three compounds are considered to be lipids?

triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids

what is the chemical composition of a triglyceride?

a glycerol with three fatty acids attached

what is hydrogenation?

A chemical process by which hydrogen atoms are added to monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats to reduce the number of double bonds, making the fats more saturated (solid) and more resistant to oxidation (protecting against rancidity)

* this produces trans-fatty acids

what are trans-fatty acids?

Fatty acids in which the hydrogen atoms next to the double bond are on opposite sides of the carbon chain

what are essential fatty associated acids?

Fatty acids that the body requires but cannot make and so must be obtained through the diet. Helpful in regulating blood pressure and maintaining homeostasis

where are omega-6 fatty acids found?

Found in seeds of plants and their oils; generally adequate amounts in most diets

where are omega-3 fatty acids found?

Found primarily in fish oils; have roles in metabolism and disease prevention

Be able to provide some examples of sterols.

vitamin D, cholesterol, sex hormones (testosterone). Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver.

what types of foods contain solid fats?

Commonly found in most foods derived from animals and vegetable oils that have been hydrogenated

What is cardiovascular disease and which type of dietary fats and cholesterol (lipoprotein levels) are with developing cardiovascular disease?

* cardiovascular disease is any disease pertaining to the heart or blood vessels
* A high blood LDL cholesterol concentration is a predictor of the likelihood of suffering a fatal heart attack or stroke.
* A low blood concentration of HDL cholesterol also signifies a higher disease risk.
* The main dietary factors associated with elevated blood LDL cholesterol are high saturated fat and high trans fat intakes.

Are trans fats associated with poor or good health?

Poor health

What is the American Heart Association’s recommendation for omega-3 fatty acid intake per week?

3\.5 ounces

Why have dietary guidelines shifted away from recommending that people limit their daily fat intake?

Dietary guidelines have shifted away from limiting total fat, in general, to lowering saturated and trans fats, specifically – some sources of fats are healthy and should not be avoided

what are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

what types of atoms make up proteins?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

what are essential amino acids?

amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs. Taken in by diet.

what are nonessential amino acids?

amino acids the body can synthesize. can also be found in food.

which organ is responsible for filtering out urea, which

is the end product protein metabolism?

The kidney

What is the recommended daily dietary allowance for protein?

0\.8 grams/kilogram of a healthy body weight

what is a complete protein?

Dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require; may also contain nonessential amino acids.

what do you need in your diet to prevent protein breakdown?

at least 9 essential amino acids. These include : histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

What are complementary proteins?

Two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other

Be able to identify at least three roles that protein assumes in the body

Human genome, enzymes, transporters, regulators of fluid and electrolyte balance, regulators of acid-base balance, antibodies, hormones, and source of glucose.

Adequate energy must be available from carbohydrate and fat in order for efficient use of dietary protein for growth. True or false?

True