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what is a pathogen
It is the microorganism that is responsible for causing diseases to their host
example of pathogen
bacteria, fungi
how can pathogens spread
by direct contact, water, air ,and airborne transmission
how can transmission be reduced or prevented
simple hygiene measures can reduce or prevent the spread of many diseases, such as flu and common cold
what is a vector
an organism that has an active role in transmitting pathogens from one host to another
how to prevent or reduce infection from vector borne diseases
the vectors need to be controlled or humans need to be protected against the vector such as wearing mosquito repellent and wearing long sleeved clothing
how do vaccinations work
it involves putting a small amount of inactive or dead pathogen into your body, which stimulates the body to produce antibodies against the specific pathogen
what are vaccinations
Vaccinations are an option to prevent and reduce pathogens
what are germs
germs are tiny organisms that can multiply quickly and can cause diseases , while some germs are helpful
what is bacteria
bacteria are microscopic , they release toxins in our body making us feel ill
Examples of bacterial infections
Whooping cough , food poisoning and gonorrhoea
what is cholera
it is a bacterial infection caused by contaminated food or water
what is food poisoning
what is food poisoning it is caused by bacteria , viruses or toxins in the food we eat
what are viruses
viruses are an organism that enters the cells and reproduce inside the cell and cause the host cell to explode . They then pass through the airways and bloodstream and spread even more
examples of viral infection
flu (influenza), covid 19 , hiv
what is fungi
fungi is contagious and can pass from direct contact or person to person
what is Protista
some single cell protists can contaminate foods and cause intestinal infection. Protists can also live in other organisms and cause harm.
examples of fungi
athletes foot , and ringworms
example of a protist
malaria, parasite
what is an infectious disease
is an illness caused by the spread of microorganisms or prions to human to human, from animals , or the environment , including food and water
what is a non infectious disease
non infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and bacteria and therefore cannot be spread from one person to another
example of infectious disease
Influenza, hiv , chicken pox
example of non infectious disease
obesity, diabetes , arthritis
what is the immune system
The body's defense mechanism against disease-causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles.
what does the first line of defence (skin) do
The epidermis, the dead outer layer of skin, acts as a protective shield against potential invaders by secreting chemicals that kill them.
what does the first line of defence (mucus and cilia) do
Foreign particles and bacteria can become stuck in mucus in the respiratory system as you breathe in. Cilia, , sweep mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing.
what does the first line of defence (saliva)do
Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
what does the first line of defence (stomach acid) do
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by powerful stomach acids . The stomach must produce a coating of special mucus during the process
The second line of defence (white blood cells)
Invaders enter the body, triggering the attack of white blood cells (WBCs) which circulate throughout the blood, and can enter the body's tissues if invaders are detected.
what are leukocytes
They are white blood cells that flow through your blood stream and protect you against illness and disease such as viruses and bacteria
what are white blood cells (phagocytes )
These white blood cells are responsible for engulfing foreign particles and eating them. The phagocyte breaks down foreign particles into lysosomes, which are organelles that separate them after being engulfed.
White blood cells ( t-cells)
T-Cells, also known as "natural killer" cells, recognize infected human and cancer cells, attack them, kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill.
The second line of defence (the inflammatory response)
Injured body cells release histamines, initiating inflammatory responses such as capillary dilation, release of pyrogens, temperature rise, pain receptor activation, and WBCs flocking to infected areas.
Protective factor
living cell
T -cells do what
Kill invaders
Phagocytes
eat invaders
What is the other half of the immune system
Antibody-mediated immunity is the second part of the immune system, which is regulated by antibodies.
The third line of defence (antibodies)
Most infections don't pass the first and second defence levels, but those that do trigger the production and release of antibodies, which bind to specific antigen sites.
What is immunity
Resistance to a disease causing organism or harmful substance
What is active immunity
You produce the antibodies. Those antibodies are produced in the body through past exposure to the antigen, either through actual disease or planned exposure to weakened or killed forms.
What are the 2 types of immunity
Active Immunity, Passive Immunity
how long does active immunity last
some disease-causing bacteria can multiply, requiring annual vaccinations like flu and booster shots to remind the immune system, while others, like chicken pox, last for life.
what is pasive immuntiy
You don’t produce the antibodies. It’s a type of immunity that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through thier own immune system
how does someone become immune
when particles are quickly recognized, and that person may never become ill from that invader again
what are allergies
Allergies happen when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance that gets inside the body. These substances are known as allergen
symptoms of allergies
congestion, watery eyes, a runny nose, vomiting and, in severe cases, anaphylaxis.
how does allergies affect the body
the immune system may over react by producing antibodies that "attack" the allergen
summary of what the bodies second line of defence is
the bodies general reaction to the pathogen
summary of what the bodies third line of defence is
the bodies specific reaction to the pathogen
what are the two main things that change in the bodies second line of defence
increase in number of white blood cells, and body temperature
what are b -cells
a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight pathogens
how do b-cells fight the pathogens
the antigens they produce puts a lock onto the pathogen and stops the bacteria/virus from entering
what is the bodies major first line of defence
skin /outer body and it physically stops the pathogen from entering inside the body
Ways the body can prevent pathogens from entering
mucus, tears, earwax, and chemical burns
how does non -specific immune response work
works by seeking out and destroying pathogens in a number of different ways , such as blood clotting , inflammation , fever, and the production of leoucocytes
similarities between the second and third levels of defence
both the second and third line of defence are part of the body’s immune system , and act against foreign pathogens . they both trigger inflammation, and phagocytes engulf pathogens
differences between the the second and third levels of defence
The third line of defence is specific where as the second line of defence is non specific. The third line of defence has memory for specific antigens and can mount a stronger response upon subsequent infection, whereas the second line does not have memory
compare different types of vaccines
some vaccines use a dead pathogen , while others break the pathogen up and only inject parts of the original pathogen. Some vaccines use only the genetic material from a viral pathogen , instead of the structure of the pathogen itself
what do all vaccines trigger
the third line of defence to give the body immunological memory against specific pathogens
how can a vaccine prevent a person from catching a disease
it presents the body with part of the pathogen so the body learns to recognise it, and produces antibodies and memory cells that can mount a stronger response in the future if the pathogen is ever encountered again
what happens during the immune system response
Y-shaped antibodies attack pathogens by binding to their surface proteins, blocking their attachment to blood cells. They tag the pathogen, allowing a macrophage to engulf and digest it, thereby preventing the pathogen from attaching to the blood cell.
Auto immune system
where your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake
