Honors Chemistry Midterm

Precision

the exactness of a measurement

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

elment

Substances made up of only one type of atom

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

homogeneous

composed of identical parts; uniform in composition

heterogeneous

composed of unlike parts; diverse in composition

Solutions

2 or more substances physically mixed to become homogeneous

colloid

A heterogeneous mixture with solutes that are medium sized that appear cloudy (like dust or smoke)

Solutes

substances dissolved in a liquid

Suspensions

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

Which types of mixtures pass the tyndall test

ONLY Colloids and Suspensions pass the tyndall test since light can pass through them. (Solutions fail the tyndall test because of this)

pure substance

A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties

intensive property

a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present (Density)

extensive property

a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample (Mass)

In which part of the periodic table does the atomic radii increase

Bottom-Left

In which part of the periodic table does the electronegativity and ionization energy increase

Top-Right

atomic radii

Half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

What type of elements do ionic bonds bond together?

Metals and Non-Metals

What type of elements do Metallic bonds bond together?

ONLY Metals

What type of elements do Covalent bonds bond together?

ONLY Non-Metals

Which types of bonds are insoluble?

Metallic and Non-Polar Covalent

Which types of bonds are mostly soluble?

Ionic

Democritus is known for introducing what idea about matter

atoms are the point where matter could not be cut into smaller pieces

Which tenets did Dalton's atomic theory include?

atoms are the smallest unit of mass, the atoms of the same element are alike, atoms join together to form compounds in fixed ratios.

Thomson's Cathode Ray Experiment

particles were fired at a negatively charged plate and were deflected. This confirms the negative properties of electrons.

Dalton's Plum Pudding Model

Dalton claimed that the atom's inside was made up of electrons and protons

Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

proposed that atoms consist of a tiny, massive, positive nucleus surrounded by electrons.

Bohr Model

model of an atom that shows electrons in circular orbits around the nucleus

quantum mechanical model

electrons do not travel in defined orbits but rather are localized in orbitals. electrons dually act as particles and waves.

Orbital

a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons

s orbitals are

spherical

The p orbitals are shaped like

peanuts

kilo

10^3

base

10^0

deci

10^-1

centi

10^-2

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

nano

10^-9

1 mL =

1 cm^3

law of definite proportions

a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass

Law of Multiple Proportions

if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers

Alpha particles are

positively charged by +1

Beta particles are

negatively charged by -1

High electromagnetic radiation examples

Gamma Rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet

Low electromagnetic radiation examples

Radio waves, Microwaves, infrared

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. measured in hz or s^-1

Describe electrons within a metallic bond

It is a sea of electrons that are mobile and delocalized

Describe the attraction forces of non-polar covalent bonds

Weak

Which types of bonds conduct electricity

Ionic in liquid form and Metallic in ALL forms

Which types of bonds have high melting points

Ionic and Metallic

Which types of bonds has strong attractive forces with particles

Ionic, Metallic

Which types of bonds has weak attractive forces with particles

Non-Polar Covalent have weak attractive forces

Which types of bonds have low melting points

Non-Polar Covalent have low melting points

Example of a Non-Polar bond

Wax

Describe the location of electrons in covalent bonds

They’re shared