Final Exam Review Psychology

Karl was posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign. He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could have used the gum to put up the sign. Karl most likely did not come up with this solution because of

a. lack of insight

b. functional fixedness

c. framing

d. restructuring

functional fixedness

Both nature and nurture can influence intelligence. Which of the following ideas has NOT been supported by intelligence research?

a.Intelligence can be linked to a single "intelligence gene."

b.Certain prenatal factors can lead to lower intelligence.

c.Certain postnatal factors can lead to lower intelligence.

d.An enriched environment can positively influence intelligence.

Intelligence can be linked to a single "intelligence gene"

James is trying to break into a safe, but he does not know the four-digit code. To find the right code, he uses a procedure that will obtain the right result if he uses it correctly. Specifically, he tries every possible set of four-digit numbers until he finds the correct one. James is using a(n) ________ to find the correct code.

a. algorithm

b. mental set

c. heuristic

d. analogy

algorithm

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. Because of this, it is likely that Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of shoe. For Luke, sandals would most likely be the ________ of the category "shoes."

a. exemplar

b. stereotype

c. heuristic

d. prototype

prototype

Although many successful musicians may not have "book smarts," they certainly have the "street smarts" needed to succeed in the music industry. The theory of intelligence that best accounts for this observation about "book smarts" and "street smarts" in musicians is the ________ theory.

a. emotional intelligence

b. general intelligence

c. triarchic

d. crystallized intelligence

triarchic

The type of reaction-time task that is most strongly related to intelligence test scores is the ________ reaction-time task.

a. simple

b. basic

c. choice

d. complex

choice

Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and he can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely

a. is a savant.

b. has a high IQ.

c. performs well on simple reaction-time tests.

d. performs well on choice reaction-time tests.

is a savant

A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are ________ of the external world around us.

a. symbolic representations

b. exemplars

c. mental maps

d. analogical representations

analogical representations

The SAT is a psychometric test, which means that it is

a. a standardized test that is administered the same way for all students and scored objectively.

b. an intelligence test that gives an IQ score based on a person's performance.

c. an achievement test that reveals what knowledge and skills a person has.

d. definitely valid but may not be reliable.

a standardized test that is administered the same way for all students and scored objectively.

An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that

a. a different prototype can be chosen for different reasons.

b. all examples of concepts are equally important.

c. it organizes concepts hierarchically.

d. it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.

it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.

Cara is a mechanic. She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries. When a fourth car is brought in and will not start, she assumes the problem is the battery. Cara's assumption is based on

a. an analogy.

b. functional fixedness.

c. a mental set.

d. restructuring.

a mental set.

If you want to reduce the likelihood of stereotype threat during an exam, which of the following should you do?

a. present the exam as evaluative

b. make sure the test-takers are aware of how important the test is

c. make sure that the test-takers are unaware of negative consequences of stereotype threat

d. present the exam as nonevaluative

present the exam as nonevaluative

Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy. Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy, she decided to buy both sweaters. Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well. Josh ________ to solve his problem.

a. used an analogy

b. overcame a mental set

c. used insight

d. worked backward

used an analogy

The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) ________ test.

a. standardized

b. general intelligence

c. achievement

d. aptitude

achievement

Demi is a 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. Demi's intelligence quotient (IQ) is

a. 120.

b. 110.

c. 83.

d. 100.

a. 120.

According to the theory of multiple intelligences, the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr. Seuss most likely possessed high ________ intelligence.

a. intrapersonal

b. musical

c. linguistic

d. spatial

linguistic

Monica is very good at algebra and chemistry. However, she is not very good at writing short stories. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, Monica most likely has high ________ intelligence and low ________ intelligence.

a. logical; creative

b. analytical; linguistic

c. logical; linguistic

d. analytical; creative

analytical; creative

Kelly, a 30-year-old, took a modern IQ test and got an IQ score of 90. Based on this information, we can assume that Kelly

a. scored slightly above average on the test.

b. can be classified as gifted.

c. has a mental age of 30.

d. scored slightly below average on the test.

scored slightly below average on the test.

Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation, Chris is describing his ________ of lasagna.

a. analogical representation

b. category

c. concept

d. mental map

concept

If you can make decisions, solve problems, learn quickly, and adapt to changes in the environment, you probably have a

a. high level of insight.

b. low level of insight.

c. low level of intelligence.

d. high level of intelligence.

high level of intelligence.

Mikhail's parents smile and cheer approvingly whenever Mikhail plays contact sports with his friends. However, his parents yell at him whenever Mikhail plays with his sister's dolls. In this example, Mikhail's gender role socialization is being influenced by

a. observational learning.

b. modeling.

c. classical conditioning.

d. operant conditioning.

operant conditioning.

Which of the following people is exhibiting a paraphilia that rises to the level of a paraphilic disorder?

a.Henry, who uses a concealed camera to photograph women disrobing in the apartment across the street without their knowledge or consent

b.Nigel, who enjoys becoming sexually aroused by touching fur coats

c.Isabelle, who uses the public showers at her gym because she likes having others see her naked

d.Rahman, who sends photos of his nude body to his boyfriend, Jamal, because it sexually arouses Jamal

Henry, who uses a concealed camera to photograph women disrobing in the apartment across the street without their knowledge or consent

The 23rd chromosome pair determines biological sex. In females, the chromosomes are ________, while in males, the chromosomes are ________.

a. XX; XY

b. XX; XX

c. XY; XX

d. XY; XY

XX; XY

Michael was born with three sex chromosomes. At 20 years old, he has a very small but functional penis, a high voice, a naturally hairless face and chest, and well-developed breasts. Based on this, Michael is most likely experiencing being intersex due to

a. Klinefelter syndrome.

b. Turner syndrome.

c. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

d. androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome.

Although not directly related to reproduction, ________ do make adolescent bodies look more like adult males or females.

a. gender roles

b. gender schemas

c. secondary sex characteristics

d. primary sex characteristics

secondary sex characteristics

Marisol is a psychologist who conducts research on the sexual response cycle. To best familiarize herself with the research that has already been done on the sexual response cycle, Marisol should read the writings of

a. Simon LeVay.

b. Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues.

c. Sigmund Freud.

d. William Masters and Virginia Johnson.

William Masters and Virginia Johnson.

Bilal believes that boys are generally strong, aggressive, and interested in sports, while girls are generally polite, expressive, nurturing, and interested in relationships. These beliefs reflect Bilal's gender

a. role socialization.

b. expression.

c. schemas.

d. identity.

schemas.

Ten-year-old Haruna observes that her mother and her older sister are both successful chemical engineers. Because of this, Haruna starts saving her allowance to buy the deluxe junior chemistry set she saw in a local hobby store. Based on this information, it is clear that Haruna is experiencing

a. male gender identity.

b. genderqueer gender identity.

c. gender role socialization.

d. gender dysphoria.

gender role socialization.

The Kidz World toy store used to have a section labeled "Toys for Boys" that included footballs, chemistry sets, and toy trucks, and a separate section labeled "Toys for Girls" that included dolls, play kitchen sets, and costume jewelry. Last month the store's manager combined these two sections into one and removed the gender labels with the hopes that it would help people change their ideas about which toys are appropriate for a child. The manager is trying to change people's gender

a. roles.

b. dysphorias.

c. stereotypes.

d. identities.

stereotypes.

Shannon is meeting new coworkers. Shannon explains that she is biologically male but identifies as female. Based on this, we can conclude that Shannon is

a. both genderqueer and androgynous.

b. androgynous.

c. neither genderqueer nor androgynous.

d. genderqueer.

neither genderqueer nor androgynous.

Because of the presence of normal levels of ________, preschool-aged boys tend to show more masculine patterns of play.

a. estrogens such as estradiol

b. aggression

c. androgens such as testosterone

d. sex chromosomes

androgens such as testosterone

Imagine that you are a psychologist interviewing students who are participating in a study on sex and gender. Of the four students described below, which one would you categorize as androgynous?

a.Emily, who is biologically female but doesn't think or feel as either male or female

b.Jiatong, who is biologically male and thinks and feels both male and female

c.David, who is biologically male and thinks and feels male

d.Felipe, who is biologically male and thinks and feels female

Jiatong, who is biologically male and thinks and feels both male and female

Which of the following is the best example of a person who is experiencing a fetish?

a.Rubbing against strangers on crowded subway cars arouses Walter.

b. Humiliating her partner arouses Katherine.

c. Watching strangers disrobe arouses Samuel.

d. Rubber balloons arouse Cameron.

Rubber balloons arouse Cameron.

At a college in the United States a female runner was found to have XY sex chromosomes, lack ovaries and a uterus, and have internal testes that produce high levels of testosterone. This runner may be described as being intersex because she

a.does not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or biologically female.

b. is biologically male but genetically female.

c.is biologically male but experiences personal distress about this assigned gender.

d. is biologically male but identifies as female.

does not clearly fall into the binary of being biologically male or biologically female.

As children develop mentally and have more experiences that provide information about gender, they begin to develop their ________, which stabilizes over time. However, older children and adults may not present themselves as you might expect, a result of ________.

a. gender identity; gender expression

b. sexual orientation; gender socialization

c. gender expression; gender roles

d. gender socialization; sexual orientation

gender identity; gender expression

William is a graduate student interested in studying the genetic influences on sexual orientation. One of the first things that William learns is that

a.identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation than non-identical twins.

b.researchers have found clear evidence of a "gay gene" that is associated with homosexuality.

c.hormones are not known to have any influence on sexual orientation.

d.the Y sex chromosome inherited from the father seems to be related to men being gay.

identical twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation than non-identical twins.

Mark was on a business trip when his wife went into labor with their first child. He returned to his hotel room from an all-day conference to discover the following message: "Your wife just gave birth to an infant without an SRY gene." Should Mark be concerned by this news?

a. No, it means the infant is genetically male.

b. No, it means the infant is genetically female.

c.Yes, it means the infant has Klinefelter syndrome.

d.Yes, it means the infant has androgen insensitivity syndrome.

No, it means the infant is genetically female.

When a person such as Coy Mathis is described as transgender, what does this mean?

a.She definitely feels a lot of distress about her assigned gender.

b.She is sexually and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex.

c.She is sexually and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex and people of a different sex.

d.She has a gender identity that is not the same as her biological sex.

She has a gender identity that is not the same as her biological sex.

Biological sex is primarily determined by

a. genetic influences.

b.interactive influences of brain and environment.

c. hormonal influences.

d. genetic and hormonal influences.

genetic and hormonal influences.

When people develop a stable gender identity that is consistent with their biological sex, their gender identity is referred to as

a. biomatched.

b. gender matched.

c. cisgender.

d. cismatched.

cisgender.

Devon's physician tells him that he is going to need testosterone replacement therapy to increase his level of testosterone. This increase in Devon's testosterone level will

a. cause him to experience andropause.

b. have no effect on his sexual desire.

c. increase his sexual desire.

d. reduce his sexual desire.

increase his sexual desire.

Hector is taking a combination of medications to treat his depression and anxiety. As a side effect of these medications, Hector has difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. Even when he can achieve an erection, he is incapable of achieving ejaculation. However, before he started these medications he did not have these sexual problems. Based on this information, does Hector have a sexual dysfunction?

a. It is impossible to tell without more information.

b.No, sexual side effects of medications are not considered sexual dysfunctions.

c.Yes, he has medication-induced sexual dysfunction.

d. Yes, he has erectile disorder.

Yes, he has medication-induced sexual dysfunction.

The process of creating gender schemas starts in children by around the age of

a. two years old.

b. six months old.

c. one year old.

d. five years old.

six months old.

As early as the 1950s, Alfred Kinsey showed that female sexual attitudes and behaviors are similar to those of men. More recent research shows that

a.men and women are equally willing to go to bed with a stranger.

b.neither men nor women are willing to go to bed with a stranger.

c.women are more likely than men to go to bed with a stranger.

d.men are more likely than women to go to bed with a stranger.

men are more likely than women to go to bed with a stranger.

Dr. Gupta notices that his patient Benjamin's testosterone level is 20 times higher than it was during Benjamin's last checkup one year ago. Based on this, Dr. Gupta concludes that Benjamin most likely has

a. Klinefelter syndrome.

b. gender dysphoria.

c. entered puberty.

d. Turner syndrome.

entered puberty.

After finishing six pieces of toast with butter, Sally prepares a batch of brownies while eating large bowls of ice cream, yogurt, and cottage cheese. She then eats half a bag of cookies, an entire pizza, and three baked potatoes, even though she does not feel hungry. After eating, she feels guilty, ashamed, and sad but does not vomit or make any other efforts to eliminate the calories she consumed. Sally appears to meet criteria for

a. restrictive dieting.

b. bulimia nervosa.

c. binge-eating disorder.

d. anorexia nervosa.

binge-eating disorder.

Some STIs often go undetected because they have no symptoms. What is one danger of not treating such STIs as human papillomavirus (HPV)?

a.There is no danger in letting HPV go untreated.

b. increased risk of infertility as a result of PID

c. loss of sexual function for men

d.the development of cancer of the cervix or vulva

the development of cancer of the cervix or vulva

Which of the following would describe the tend-and-befriend response of a person experiencing great stress from his job?

a.Bruce constantly complains to his family about his mean boss.

b.Joseph strikes his boss in the face after she threatened to fire him.

c.Luigi is worn out and is not sure if he can continue at his job.

d.Manny tries to form strong relationships with the new workers.

Manny tries to form strong relationships with the new workers.

Marriage has many health benefits. Which of the following is also true of marriage?

a.Cohabitating outside of marriage is just as healthy.

b.The benefits of marriage decline the longer people are married.

c.A good way to make yourself happier is to get married.

d.Unmarried people can be happier than people in bad marriages.

Unmarried people can be happier than people in bad marriages.

Amy has just been diagnosed with breast cancer. She reminds herself that breast cancer is highly treatable and that the doctors caught hers early. Thus, she feels much luckier than people whose breast cancer is caught during later stages of the disease. In this situation, Amy is using

a. emotion-focused coping.

b. a Type A behavior pattern.

c. secondary appraisals.

d. a downward comparison.

a downward comparison.

A study of older adults found that six months of aerobic training (e.g., fast dancing) resulted in which of the following?

a. an increase in depression

b. an increase in brain volume and function

c. earlier death from heart attack

d. no measurable improvement in any aspect

an increase in brain volume and function

Milo is training for an international chess competition and thinks that if he "increases his brain volume" he will do better in the competition. Which of the following actions should Milo take to increase his brain volume?

a. pray

b. go on a vegetarian diet

c.reduce the number of hours he watches television

d. exercise

exercise

Your roommate is hostile, very competitive, and pessimistic. On the basis of recent research, which of the following health problems is your roommate most likely to experience later in life?

a. chronic infections

b. cancer

c. immune system failures

d. cardiovascular disease

cardiovascular disease

Brenda has used a primary appraisal, but not a secondary appraisal, in her analysis of an event. Because she has not used secondary appraisal, we can guess that the event was

a. highly emotional.

b. followed by a physiological response.

c. related to Brenda's self-identity.

d. nonthreatening.

nonthreatening.

Which of the following is a major risk factor for heart disease?

a. quitting smoking

b. anorexia nervosa

c. engaging in unsafe sex

d. genetic predisposition

genetic predisposition

Uncle Frank has a heart condition, which means he needs to be very careful about certain aspects of his life. Based on research on family focused interventions, which of these actions will be LEAST helpful in encouraging Uncle Frank to lead a healthier life?

a.encouraging him to make his own health decisions

b. planning his daily schedule for him

c.modeling healthy behaviors, such as eating a well-balanced diet

d.providing rewards for his positive health behaviors

planning his daily schedule for him

Which of the following conditions is an effect of chronic smoking?

a. heart disease

b. liver failure

c. brain tumors

d. immune disorders

heart disease

After reading your psychology textbook, your friend George decides that he uses primarily emotion-focused coping strategies when dealing with problems in his daily life. George's conclusion implies that he

a.first tries to assess how he feels emotionally and then develops a rational plan of action.

b.tries to avoid or minimize his problems—for example, by reading a book or listening to music.

c. takes immediate steps to solve problems.

d.decides on which strategy to use by weighing the emotional costs and benefits associated with a particular strategy.

tries to avoid or minimize his problems—for example, by reading a book or listening to music.

Safia is a moderately healthy person. She has a small network of acquaintances and friends. If Safia wants to get all the health benefits associated with social support, she should increase

a.the size of her network and her leadership capacity.

b.her social integration and dominance expressions.

c.her support network, including people who provide encouragement.

d. the number of new people she meets.

her support network, including people who provide encouragement.

Ayanna is a divorced middle-aged woman who has a stressful job, two teenaged children, and an aging mother to care for. She would like to start exercising to reduce her stress level and improve her memory and thinking. Now that you have read this chapter, what would you tell Ayanna regarding exercise?

a.It is probably too late to get much benefit from exercise, since Ayanna is already middle-aged.

b.Ayanna should seek some easier way to deal with her stress and just accept that as she ages her memory will continue to deteriorate.

c.It is not too late to start exercising, and a program of regular exercise can reduce stress and improve mood, memory, and thinking.

d.Although it may not be too late to start exercising, Ayanna should not expect much improvement in her stress level or her memory, because exercise alone isn't enough.

It is not too late to start exercising, and a program of regular exercise can reduce stress and improve mood, memory, and thinking.

Dr. Arzun is using the biopsychosocial model as a frame of reference for understanding heart disease. Based on this, she will most likely recommend that a client with heart disease use ________ to treat the illness.

a. medication

b. medication and surgery

c. medication and exercise

d. exercise

medication and exercise

Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT

a. fungi.

b. parasites.

c. viruses.

d. bacteria.

fungi.

Claude Bouchard found that identical twins have similar weights regardless of whether they are raised together or apart. This study provides evidence for the idea that

a. genes play an important role in weight gain.

b.weight gain is inevitable for most people if they overeat.

c.environment plays an important role in weight gain.

d.being an identical twin is stressful and therefore likely to cause weight gain.

genes play an important role in weight gain.

Dr. Zakaria, a young faculty member at Sojourner University, is interested in how personal characteristics such as hopefulness, trustworthiness, and kindness affect self-perceived happiness. Dr. Zakaria is most likely a

a. social psychologist.

b. psychoanalyst.

c. cognitive psychologist.

d. positive psychologist.

positive psychologist.

Dr. Haverford suggests to her client that her mood problems stem from problems with the neurotransmitter serotonin. Dr. Haverford mentions nothing about social or behavioral factors that may be related to mood. To understand her client's problems, Dr. Haverford seems to be using the ________ model.

a. interdisciplinary

b. biopsychosocial

c. behaviorist

d. medical

medical

Anna felt that she could not succeed at her final exam, and thinking about the final exam made her feel physically ill. For Anna, the final exam is most likely a(n)

a. stressor.

b. daily hassle.

c. immune response.

d. major life stressor.

stressor.

Dora is a moderately obese woman with a full figure. However, Dora is not confronted with social stigma about being overweight. On the contrary, she is often complimented on how attractive she is. Dora

a. is probably a hardy person.

b. probably lives in a developing country.

c. will experience a lack of congruent self-concept.

d.will nevertheless experience some negative psychological symptoms that are caused by her weight.

probably lives in a developing country.

Emotion-focused coping strategies

a. are counterproductive in most situations.

b. work best in the face of a controllable stressor.

c.generally work better over the short term than over the long term.

d.are usually better than problem-focused strategies in various situations.

generally work better over the short term than over the long term.

Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to becoming regular smokers than others. One factor involves

a. the absence of antidrug programs in school.

b. parents and peers who smoke.

c.a greater tendency to have acetylcholine pathways in the brain.

d. a cascade of HPA activation.

parents and peers who smoke.

Compared with the medical model of health, the biopsychosocial model approach to health and well-being

a. does not focus on illness.

b. is rarely used in practice.

c. includes more variables.

d. ignores human biology.

includes more variables.

A political candidate wants to create a long-lasting positive image. According to the elaboration likelihood model, the candidate would use commercials

a.with catchy slogans and attention-grabbing graphics.

b.with short emotional attacks on the opponent.

c. that clearly explain campaign issues.

d. that feature attractive celebrities.

that clearly explain campaign issues.

When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the experimenter gave the teacher orders over the telephone, the level of obedience

a. remained unchanged.

b. became unpredictable.

c. increased.

d. decreased.

decreased.

You are recruiting part-time tutors for an elementary school. According to research findings about the insufficient justification effect, a successful strategy to increase the commitment of these tutors would be to pay them a

a. large salary as soon as they start.

b. salary that increases over time.

c. small amount of money.

d. large bonus after a semester.

small amount of money.

When intense longing and sexual desire characterize love, it is considered to be ________ love.

a. companionate

b. accommodation

c. passionate

d. romantic

passionate

When Tyronne first heard a new song on a music streaming website, he disliked it. However, after hearing it played many times on the website, he is surprised that he has grown to like it. Tyronne's positive attitude toward the song after listening to it multiple times is best explained by

a. the mere exposure effect.

b. the elaboration likelihood model.

c. cognitive dissonance.

d. explicit attitudes.

the mere exposure effect.

The main reason that people make attributions that reflect the just world hypothesis is that these explanations

a. increase their self-esteem.

b. make them feel empathy.

c. make them feel safer.

d. reduce discrimination.

make them feel safer.

Which of the following is the main conclusion from Milgram's shock experiment?

a.Ordinary people will follow immoral orders, but only in stressful situations.

b.Ordinary people are naturally violent and easily provoked.

c.Ordinary people will follow immoral orders, but only in hypothetical situations.

d.Ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered to do so by an authority.

Ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered to do so by an authority.

Whenever Marty cooks dinner, his spouse praises him for his thoughtfulness. His spouse recognizes Marty's good deeds by using ________ attributions, which helps keep their relationship happy.

a. situational

b. accommodation

c. companionate

d. personal

personal

Though attraction to someone could be a very subjective experience, which of the following individuals could be considered less attractive?

a. Gina, who seems overly competent and too perfect

b.Grace, who takes a course with you that meets Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays

c. Bridget, who has similar values and interests to you

d.Eva, who occasionally makes small mistakes when speaking her second language

Gina, who seems overly competent and too perfect

A fraternity is planning on having a hazing event in a room with a wall of mirrors. If the mirrors make the participants more self-aware, this will ________ hazing by ________.

a. increase; providing a sense of an audience

b. decrease; making participants feel watched

c. increase; posing a challenge to self-esteem

d.decrease; making the participants pay attention to their personal standards

decrease; making the participants pay attention to their personal standards

Which of the following is NOT an interpersonal style that typically leads to relationship problems?

a. being constantly angry

b. feeling contempt for the partner

c. mentally withdrawing from the relationship

d. being overly critical

being constantly angry

Miriam believes she is not attractive, so she typically wears ugly clothing. As a result, men rarely show interest in her, which confirms to her that she is not attractive. Miriam's behavior is an example of a(n)

a. self-fulfilling prophecy.

b. fundamental attribution error.

c. ingroup/outgroup bias.

d. actor/observer bias.

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Kat wants a new laptop. She asks her parents to buy a $2,500 laptop. When they refuse, she suggests that they buy her a used laptop for $500, which they do. By starting out with a higher-priced item, knowing her parents will think the lower-priced item is a more reasonable request, Kat is using the ________ strategy to get her parents to buy her a laptop.

a. foot-in-the-door

b. door-in-the-face

c. informational influence

d. lowballing

door-in-the-face

Two women, Jackie and Roberta, ask Katie out. Although she likes both of them, Katie decides to go out with Jackie. Afterward, she starts to notice more positive qualities about Jackie and more negative qualities about Roberta. Katie's new attitude is most likely a result of

a. attitude accessibility.

b. justification of effort.

c. cognitive dissonance.

d. postdecisional dissonance.

postdecisional dissonance.

When you encounter a person who does not fit into a stereotype, you may create a special category for that person instead of revising your stereotype. This practice is called

a. subtyping.

b. modern racism.

c. prejudice.

d. stereotyping.

subtyping.

Victor has not started his paper, which is due tomorrow. He asks his friend Christy if she will write just the first sentence, and she agrees. Then he asks her to write the next sentence. Next, he asks if she will write the next paragraph. Finally, he asks her to outline the whole paper and she agrees. Victor has just used the ________ technique to get Christy to help him.

a. obedience

b. door-in-the-face

c. lowballing

d. foot-in-the-door

foot-in-the-door

Inga is participating in a debate. According to the actor/observer bias, in reviewing her performance, Inga will most likely attribute her own errors to ________ and her opponent's errors to ________.

a. noise from the crowd; having the flu

b. lack of preparation; noise from the crowd

c. lack of preparation; having the flu

d. noise from the crowd; lack of preparation

noise from the crowd; lack of preparation

You believe that eating fried food is bad for your health, but you eat fried chicken often. In this case, you have a(n) ________ attitude about eating fried food.

a. simple

b. accessible

c. conditioned

d. complex

complex

John and Nolan are huge fans of the New York Knicks basketball team, whereas Brad is a fan of the Brooklyn Nets. Which of the following is John most likely to do?

a.He will favor Nolan because Nolan belongs to the ingroup.

b.He will favor Brad because Brad belongs to the outgroup.

c.He will be hostile to Brad because of discrimination.

d.He will like Nolan and Brad equally because of stereotypes.

He will favor Nolan because Nolan belongs to the ingroup.

Which of the following social psychology principles is illustrated in the Stanford prison study?

a.People placed in all-male groups will establish a social hierarchy.

b.People are innately, or naturally, violent, unless limited by society.

c.People will not obey orders when the orders violate their principles.

d.People will behave according to their social roles in a situation.

People will behave according to their social roles in a situation.

Susan is looking at a photograph of herself taken by a friend and deciding whether she should use the true photographic image or the mirror image as the wallpaper on her smartphone. According to social psychology research, Susan will most likely prefer the ________ image because of ________.

a. mirror; cognitive dissonance

b.true photographic; the mere exposure effect

c. true photographic; cognitive dissonance

d. mirror; the mere exposure effect

mirror; the mere exposure effect

Alix and James have been in a committed relationship for years. They trust each other and share their secrets. However, there is not a lot of physiological desire in the relationship. This relationship is an example of ________ love.

a. passionate

b. empty

c. fatuous

d. companionate

companionate

Alan's friends all vape. Alan has never wanted to vape and his friends have never asked him to vape. However, Alan still feels compelled to start vaping. The force pushing Alan to start vaping is known as

a. obedience.

b. conformity.

c. cooperation.

d. compliance.

conformity.

Which of the following questions would NOT be investigated in social psychology?

a. Why do fraternities use hazing on new members?

b. Why does advertising work?

c.Why do people change attitudes when they realize their behavior is not in line with their beliefs?

d.Why does the quality of episodic memory degrade over time?

Why does the quality of episodic memory degrade over time?

Lucia is an engineering student. According to ingroup/outgroup bias she most likely believes other ingroup engineering students are ________ and outgroup nonengineering students are ________.

a.very similar to each other; very similar to each other

b. very similar to each other; unique individuals

c. unique individuals; very similar to each other

d. unique individuals; unique individuals

unique individuals; very similar to each other

Dhara was recently in a car accident. Her doctor told her that she has brain damage only to her frontal lobe. What is one way this damage might affect Dhara?

a. She will not experience fear.

b. She will be less self-aware.

c. She will have memory loss.

d. She will not recognize others.

She will be less self-aware.

Ken wants a new music album but does not want to buy it. He knows that he can download it for free but that doing so is illegal. Or he can buy just a few tracks online. Ken wants to steal the music but knows it is wrong. According to psychodynamic theory, Ken has a conflict between his ________ and ________.

a. id; ego

b. id; superego

c. superego; ego

d. subego; superego

id; superego

John thinks it is the environment that he is in and not his personality traits that influences his behaviors. John believes in a psychological idea known as

a. situationism.

b. interactionism.

c. reciprocal determinism.

d. locus of control.

situationism.

Maria's psychologist wants to assess her personality. To do so, he has her wear a device that allows him to unobtrusively track her interactions throughout the day. The psychologist is using a(n) ________ to measure Maria's personality.

a. electronically activated record

b. self-report

c. observational method

d. projective test

electronically activated record

Dr. Jones gives her client a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to evaluate her client's

a. level of psychopathy.

b. sexual conflicts.

c. self-esteem.

d. motivational traits.

motivational traits.