Lecture 3.4 Levels of Measurement and Hypothesis Testing

_____ is a type of statistics that describes and presents summary data.

Descriptive statistics

The two types of categorical variables are _____ and _____.

Nominal

Ordinal

The two types of continuous variables are _____ and _____.

Interval

Ratio

True/False:

Each level of NOIR variables incorporates previous content and adds one new aspect.

True

The two types of nominal variables are _____ and _____.

Binomial/binary/dichotomous

Multinomial

Which of the following is true about nominal variables?

A) No inherent order

B) Inherent logical order

A) No inherent order

Which of the following is true about ordinal variables?

A) No inherent order

B) Inherent logical order

B) Inherent logical order

Which of the following is true about ordinal variables?

A) Unspecified amount of difference between categories

B) Equal intervals between values

A) Unspecified amount of difference between categories

Which of the following is true about interval variables?

A) Unspecified amount of difference between categories

B) Equal intervals between values

B) Equal intervals between values

Which of the following is true about interval variables?

A) True zero

B) No true zero

B) No true zero

Which of the following is true about ratio variables?

A) True zero

B) No true zero

A) True zero

* Meaning that zero = absence or none

Which of the following is true about NOIR variables?

A) Mutually exclusive

B) Not mutually exclusive

A) Mutually exclusive

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"I usually exercise for _____ days out of the week."

Ratio

* Has a true zero (could exercise for 0 days per week)

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"I usually exercise for _____ days out of the week."

A) 1 or less

B) 2-3

C) 4-5

D) 6 or more

Ordinal

* Categories provided

* Logical order

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"What time of day do you exercise?"

Interval

* No true zero (zero o'clock doesn't MEAN anything)

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"What is your favorite animal?"

A) Cat

B) Dog

C) Bird

D) Cow

Nominal

* Categories

* No inherent order

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"How are you feeling today?"

A) Amazing

B) Good

C) Okay

D) Not too good

E) Horrible

Ordinal

* Categories

* Has a degree of order

* Unspecified amount of difference between categories

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"On my first date, I was feeling _____ nervous."

A) Extremely

B) Moderately

C) Not too

D) Barely

E) Not at all

Ordinal

* Categories

* Inherent order

* Unspecified amount of difference between categories

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"On a scale of 1-10, describe your current pain."

Interval

* No true zero

* Equal intervals between values

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"Does the person have red hair?"

Nominal

* Yes/no answer is binomial

Which NOIR variable does the following describe?

"How often does the person color their hair?"

Ratio

* Has a true zero (answer could be never)

Which of the following NOIR variables can compute mean, SD, and standard error? Select all that apply.

A) Nominal

B) Ordinal

C) Interval

D) Ratio

E) None of the above

C) Interval

D) Ratio

Which of the following NOIR variables can compute median and mode? Select all that apply.

A) Nominal

B) Ordinal

C) Interval

D) Ratio

E) None of the above

B) Ordinal

C) Interval

D) Ratio

Which of the following NOIR variables can compute frequency distribution? Select all that apply.

A) Nominal

B) Ordinal

C) Interval

D) Ratio

E) None of the above

A) Nominal

B) Ordinal

C) Interval

D) Ratio

True/False:

You should always use the MOST precise measurement level when collecting data.

True

* You can always convert to a LESS precise measure

True/False:

There are more statistical tests available for nominal and ordinal variables than interval and ratio variables.

False

* Interval and ratio are more common

True/False:

It is easier to detect a difference with nominal and ordinal variables.

False

* Easier with interval and ratio

Which of the following variables measures the intervention, exposure, or something we can manipulate?

A) Dependent variable

B) Independent variable

B) Independent variable

Which of the following variables is also considered the "predictor" or "exposure" variable?

A) Dependent variable

B) Independent variable

B) Independent variable

Which of the following variables is the "x" variable?

A) Dependent variable

B) Independent variable

B) Independent variable

Which of the following variables is the "y" variable?

A) Dependent variable

B) Independent variable

A) Dependent variable

Which of the following variables is the outcome or change in response to another variable?

A) Dependent variable

B) Independent variable

A) Dependent variable

Which of the following variables is the also called the "outcome variable?"

A) Dependent variable

B) Independent variable

A) Dependent variable

Which of the following is the sum of scores divided by the number in the sample?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

A) Mean

Which of the following is sensitive to outliers?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

A) Mean

Which of the following is the most efficient estimator of central tendency for normal distributions?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

A) Mean

Which of the following is the 50% point in the distribution?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

C) Median

Which of the following is present with the mean?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

B) SD

Which of the following is insensitive to outliers?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

C) Median

* Technically mode too (but more important to know median)

Which of the following is suited for skewed or non-normally distributed data?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

C) Median

Which of the following is present with interquartile range (IQR) or range (min/max)?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

C) Median

Which of the following is the most frequently occurring number in a data set?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

D) Mode

Which of the following does NOT provide any information on measure of central tendency?

A) Mean

B) SD

C) Median

D) Mode

D) Mode

Which of the following measures would you gather from the following information?

Continuous variable

Normal distribution

A) Mean and SD

B) Median and IQR/range

C) Frequency (proportion)

A) Mean and SD

Which of the following measures would you gather from the following information?

Continuous variable

Non-normal distribution

A) Mean and SD

B) Median and IQR/range

C) Frequency (proportion)

B) Median and IQR/range

Which of the following measures would you gather from the following information?

Categorical variable

A) Mean and SD

B) Median and IQR/range

C) Frequency (proportion)

C) Frequency (proportion)

A(n) _____ is a false or mistaken result obtained by a study/experiment.

Error

Which type of error is a proportion/variation in measurement that has no apparent connection to any other measurement or variable?

A) Random error

B) Systematic error

A) Random error

Which type of error is a proportion/variation in measurement that often has a recognizable source?

A) Random error

B) Systematic error

B) Systematic error

Which type of error is regarded as due to chance?

A) Random error

B) Systematic error

A) Random error

Is the following statement a belief or phenomena?

"COVID-19 vaccines are a government scheme to put microchips in our bodies."

A) Belief

B) Phenomena

B) Phenomena

Is the following statement a belief or phenomena?

"Eating fast food regularly can lead to high blood pressure."

A) Belief

B) Phenomena

A) Belief

Is the following statement a belief or phenomena?

"Childhood vaccines cause autism."

A) Belief

B) Phenomena

B) Phenomena

Is the following statement a belief or phenomena?

"Addressing patient hardships will lead to a more trusting patient/HCP relationship."

A) Belief

B) Phenomena

A) Belief

Is the following statement a belief or phenomena?

"There is a drug interaction between pregnancy and Adapalene 0.1%."

A) Belief

B) Phenomena

A) Belief

True/False:

Statistics reduces the influence of "chance" events.

True

True/False:

Statistics takes confounding factors into account.

True

True/False:

Statistics recommends a "value" to be placed on making the wrong decision.

False

* Requires

_____ are statements of "belief" regarding a particular phenomenon.

Hypotheses

True/False:

Scientists prefer statements of belief over statements of non-belief.

False

* Statements of non-belief (null hypothesis) are preferred

_____ hypotheses state that the phenomena is not likely to exist.

Null

_____ hypotheses state that there is a difference between two groups.

Alternative

_____ hypotheses state that there is NO difference between two groups.

Null

If data shows statistical significance...

A) "The null hypothesis is rejected"

B) "We fail to reject the null hypothesis"

C) "The alternative hypothesis is rejected"

D) "We fail to reject the alternative hypothesis"

A) "The null hypothesis is rejected"

* There IS a difference --> null hypothesis rejected

If data shows NO statistical significance...

A) "The null hypothesis is rejected"

B) "We fail to reject the null hypothesis"

C) "The alternative hypothesis is rejected"

D) "We fail to reject the alternative hypothesis"

B) "We fail to reject the null hypothesis"

* There is NO difference --> null hypothesis accepted

What are the 4 criteria for a good hypothesis?

1. Specific

2. Testable

3. Ethical

4. Easy to understand