violence

What was the total size of the Roman imperial army?

300-450k soldiers.

How many legions made up the Roman imperial army?

30 legions.

What was the size of each legion?

5200 soldiers each.

What percentage of the Roman imperial budget was spent on the military?

Approximately 75%.

In which areas were the Roman legions mostly concentrated in the 1st century?

Britain and the eastern frontier.

What theorist wrote about the three systems of Roman imperial strategy?

Luttwak.

What are the three zones in Luttwak's hegemonic system?

Inner zone, middle zone, and outer zone.

What is the preclusive system in Luttwak's theory?

All of the Roman empire under direct control with genuine perimeter defense.

What is the defense in depth system according to Luttwak?

Very elastic, with key strategic locations fortified with mobile troops.

What was a major structural advantage of the Roman army?

The ability to fight in various terrains like mountains, forests, and coastlines.

What type of artillery did the Romans develop?

Spear catapult (ballista).

What methods did Romans use in siege warfare?

Breaching walls and cutting off resources.

Was fighting big battles common for Roman troops?

No, most of the time they were policing rather than fighting big wars.

What defines systemic violence in Roman slavery?

The institution of slavery is structurally violent.

What were common punishments faced by slaves?

Physical punishment, including flogging for minor infractions.

What is the dual penalty system in Roman law?

Honestiores (less harsh) and Humiliores (more harsh) based on status.

What extreme punishment could a slave face for conspiracy?

Crematio (burning alive) or crux (crucifixion).

What was a popular form of Roman public entertainment?

Gladiatorial combat.

What type of events took place in the Roman amphitheater?

Venatio (wild-beast hunt), executions, and gladiatorial combat.

What animals were popular for spectacle during venatio in the amphitheater?

Elephants, crocodiles, and rhinos.

What was the purpose of spectacles in the Roman amphitheater?

To reinforce social and political order and promote social bonding.

Where did the Roman legionary camp at Novaesium (Lower Germany) stand out?

For its huge size.