Part 1: Theory Fundamentals

Key terms

Denary numbers are written using one of the symbols ___ for each denary digit.

Denary numbers are written using one of the symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 for each denary digit.

A bit is a digit in the ___ number system written using either of the symbols ___ and ___.

A bit is a digit in the binary number system written using either of the symbols 0 and 1.

A byte is a group of ___ treated as a single unit.

A byte is a group of eight bits treated as a single unit.

A nibble is a group of ___.

A nibble is a group of four bits.

A decimal prefix is a prefix to define the ___ of a value.

Examples are kilo, ___, giga and ___ representing factors of ___, 10⁶, ___ and 10¹² respectively.

A decimal prefix is a prefix to define the magnitude of a value.

Examples are kilo, mega, giga and tera representing factors of 10³, 10⁶, 10⁹ and 10¹² respectively.

A binary prefix is a prefix to define the ___ of a value.

Examples are ___, mebi, ___ and tebi representing factors of 2¹⁰, ___, 2³⁰ and ___ respectively.

A binary prefix is a prefix to define the magnitude of a value.

Examples are kibi, mebi, gibi and tebi representing factors of 2¹⁰, 2²⁰, 2³⁰ and 2⁴⁰ respectively.

One’s complement is the binary number obtained by ___ each digit in a binary number from ___.

One’s complement is the binary number obtained by subtracting each digit in a binary number from 1.

Two’s complement is the ___ of a binary number, plus ___.

Two’s complement is the one’s complement of a binary number, plus 1.

Overflow is a condition when the ___ of a calculation is too ___ to fit into the number of bits defined for ___.

Overflow is a condition when the result of a calculation is too large to fit into the number of bits defined for storage.

The binary coded decimal (BCD) scheme is the storage of a binary value representing one ___ digit in a ___.

The binary coded decimal (BCD) scheme is the storage of a binary value representing one denary digit in a nibble.

A packed BCD is when ___ BCD nibbles are stored in ___.

A packed BCD is when two BCD nibbles are stored in one byte.

A vector graphic is a graphic consisting of ___ defined in a ___.

A vector graphic is a graphic consisting of drawing objects defined in a drawing list.

A drawing object is a component defined by ___ and ___.

A drawing object is a component defined by geometric formulae and associated properties.

A drawing list contains one set of values for each ___.

A drawing list contains one set of values for each drawing object.

A property defines one aspect of the ___ of the ___.

A property defines one aspect of the appearance of the drawing object.

A picture element (pixel) is the smallest ___ of a ___ image, defined by just two properties:

1. its position in the ___

2. its ___

A picture element (pixel) is the smallest identifiable component of a bitmap image, defined by just two properties:

1. its position in the bitmap matrix

2. its colour

The colour depth is the number of ___ used to represent one ___.

The colour depth is the number of bits used to represent one pixel.

The bit depth is the number of ___ used to represent each of the ___, ___ and ___ colours.

The bit depth is the number of bits used to represent each of the red, green and blue colours.

The image resolution is the number of ___ in the ___ file defined as the product of the ___ and the ___ values.

The image resolution is the number of pixels in the bitmap file defined as the product of the width and the height values.

The screen resolution is the ___ of width and height values for the number of ___ that the screen can display.

The screen resolution is the product of width and height values for the number of pixels that the screen can display.

A file header is a set of ___ at the beginning of a ___ file which identifies the file and contains information about the ___ used.

A file header is a set of bytes at the beginning of a bitmap file which identifies the file and contains information about the coding used.

Analogue data is data obtained by ___ of a ___ property which can have any value from a ___ range of values.

Analogue data is data obtained by measurement of a physical property which can have any value from a continuous range of values.

Digital data is data that has been ___ as a ___ value which can have one of a ___ range of values.

Digital data is data that has been stored as a binary value which can have one of a discrete range of values.

Sampling is taking measurements at ___ and ___ the value.

Sampling is taking measurements at regular intervals and storing the value.

The sampling resolution is the number of ___ used to ___ each sample.

The sampling resolution is the number of bits used to store each sample.

The sampling rate is the number of ___ taken per ___.

The sampling rate is the number of samples taken per second.

Lossless compression is ___ techniques that allow subsequent ___ to ___ the original file.

Lossless compression is coding techniques that allow subsequent decoding to recreate exactly the original file.

Lossy compression is ___ techniques that cause some ___ to be ___ so that the exact original file ___ be recovered in subsequent ___.

Lossy compression is coding techniques that cause some information to be lost so that the exact original file cannot be recovered in subsequent decoding.

A wide area network (WAN) is a network connecting computers ___, possibly ___ apart.

A wide area network (WAN) is a network connecting computers on different sites, possibly thousands of kilometres apart.

A local area network (LAN) is a network connecting computers in a ___, in a ___ or on a ___.

A local area network (LAN) is a network connecting computers in a single room, in a single building or on a single site.

A client-server model is an architecture where a client ___ provided by a server on a ___.

A client-server model is an architecture where a client runs an application provided by a server on a network.

A thin-client is a client that only ___ and ___ from the application.

A thin-client is a client that only provides input and receives output from the application.

A thick-client is a client that ___ at least some of the ___ itself.

A thick-client is a client that carries out at least some of the processing itself.

Simplex mode is where data flow is ___.

Simplex mode is where data flow is one-way only.

Half duplex mode is where data can flow ___ but not ___.

Half duplex mode is where data can flow either way but not simultaneously.

Full duplex mode is where ___ data flow is possible.

Full duplex mode is where simultaneous both-ways data flow is possible.

A broadcast message is a ___ communication, used traditionally for ___ and ___.

A broadcast message is a one-to-all communication, used traditionally for radio and television.

A multicast message is from ___ to ___.

A multicast message is from one source to many destinations.

A unicast message is a ___ communication.

A unicast message is a one-to-one communication.

Topology is the ___ of a ___ that defines how various ___ on the ___ are ___.

Topology is the configuration of a network that defines how various devices on the network are connected.

A point-to-point network is a ___ link. Transmission may be ___ or ___ and a message can only be ___.

A point-to-point network is a dedicated link. Transmission may be simplex or duplex and a message can only be unicast.

Bus topology contains ___ to which all devices are connected.

Bus topology contains one shared link to which all devices are connected.

An end-system is a ___ or ___ connected to a ___.

An end-system is a computer or server connected to a network.

Mesh topology contains ___ between ___.

Mesh topology contains direct links between devices.

Star topology has each ___ linked to a ___.

Star topology has each end-system linked to a central device.

A hybrid network is a collection of connected ___ where some of them have different ___ or supporting ___.

A hybrid network is a collection of connected LANs where some of them have different topologies or supporting technologies.

A cable is a ___ using ___ or ___.

A cable is a transmission using copper wire or fibre-optic.

Bandwidth is a ___ of the amount of ___ that can be ___ per ___.

Bandwidth is a measure of the amount of data that can be transmitted per second.

A wireless transmission is a transmission using ___, ___ or ___ electromagnetic radiation.

A wireless transmission is a transmission using radio, microwave or infrared electromagnetic radiation.

A server is a system providing a ___ to ___.

A server is a system providing a service to end-systems.

A repeater is a device that connects two ___ and provides a ___ to the second ___.

A repeater is a device that connects two cables and provides a full-strength signal to the second cable.

A bridge is a device that connects two ___ of a ___.

A bridge is a device that connects two segments of a LAN.

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a component used to ___ the ___.

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a component used to identify the end-system.

A switch is a ___ device that can send a ___.

A switch is a connecting device that can send a unicast message.

A Wireless Access Point (WAP) is the ___ device in a ___.

A Wireless Access Point (WAP) is the connecting device in a WiFi LAN.

A Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC) provides the ___ function in a ___.

A Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC) provides the NIC function in a WiFi LAN.

A router is a ___ that acts as a ___ on the ___.

A router is a device that acts as a node on the Internet.

A private cloud is ___ by and only ___ by an ___.

A private cloud is owned by and only accessed by an organisation.

A public cloud is ___ by a ___ for ___.

A public cloud is owned by a cloud service provider for general access.

On-demand is when the ___ is ___ at a ___ chosen by the ___.

On-demand is when the bit stream content is transmitted at a time chosen by the user.

Real-time is when the ___ is ___ as it is ___.

Real-time is when the bit stream content is transmitted as it is produced.

The bit rate is the number of ___ per ___.

The bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per second.

An IPv4 address is a ___ long, ___ address of a ___ on the ___.

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit long, hierarchical address of a device on the Internet.

The domain name service (DNS) is the ___ installed on ___ servers that is responsible for ___ a ___ to an ___. Also known as the ___.

The domain name service (DNS) is the hierarchical distributed database installed on domain name servers that is responsible for mapping a domain name to an IP address. Also known as the domain name system.

Random-access memory (RAM) is ___ memory that can be read from or written to ___.

Random-access memory (RAM) is volatile memory that can be read from or written to any number of times.

Read-only memory (ROM) is ___ memory that cannot be ___ but can be ___.

Read-only memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory that cannot be written to but can be read from any number of times.

A buffer is a ___ created for ___ from one part of the ___ to another, which functions as a ___.

A buffer is a temporary storage created for data transmitted from one part of the system to another, which functions as a queue.