Midterm

William Wundt was the first

experimental psychologist

The school of psychology based on Wundt’s work was

functionalist

The school of psychology that used introspection to gain insight into how the mind works was

structuralist

The school of psychology that observed pigeons as they were offered food was

behaviorist

The school of psychology that had the psychologist ask questions of the patient and search for hidden meanings was

psychoanalytic

what is a psychologist vs a psychiatrist?

A psychologist treats mental disorders with counseling and feedback on a patience’s issues. A psychiatrist treats mental disorders with the ability to prescribe medicine for the issues of the patient.

what is cognitive behavioral therapy?

CBT is a type of therapy that helps people with either fears or phobias by using exposure therapy to help the patient overcome their issues.

(Ex- fear of spiders - hand them a dead spider)

what is a clinical psychologist vs a research psychologist?

a clinical psychologist use their knowledge on psychology to help patients with mental problems. A research psychologist uses that same knowledge to study why people actually have these problems.

what is a substance abuse counselor?

SAC are similar to clinical psychologists because they counsel their patients through their problems and provide guidance on how to better handle them. SAC specialize in clients with addictions

The statistic description that look for the midpoint of the percentile is

the median

The statistic description that is the arithmetic average is

the mean

The statistic description that is the most common result is

the mode

The measure of the degree of variation between the cases is

the standard deviation

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it is

(Ex- I knew that would happen)

a hindsight bias

What makes an experiment an experiment is

its artificial imposition of an independent variable

If you ask a group of New Englanders the best football team, the survey will be inaccurate because you do not have

a random sample of people (they will most likely pick the Patriots)

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

a confounding variable

Trying to infer causation from correlation faces the problem that

we don’t know what the cause and effect are

The part of the neuron that provides a sheath for the arm that leads to other neurons

the myelin sheath

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons

the dendrites

The part of the neuron that contains the neuron’s DNA

the cell body

The part of the neuron that sends out neurotransmitters

the terminal

The part of the neuron that sends out messages to other neurons

the axon

The separation between one neuron and the next

the synapse

The neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of the next neuron

GABA

The neurotransmitter that influences movement, attention and is associated with pleasure

dopamine

The neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and is imitated by LSD

serotonin

The neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal

norepinephrine

The neurotransmitter that enables muscle action

acetylcholine

The form of brain imaging that reads patterns of waves off the surface of the skin

an EEG

The form of brain imaging that uses polarization to track brain activity over time

an fMRI

The structure of the brain that connects the two hemispheres

the corpus callosum

The structure of the brain that is essential for turning short term memories into long term

the hippocampus

The structure of the brain that controls heart beat and breathing

the medulla

After a stroke, this part of the brain makes you suffer locked-in syndrome

the pons

what is best shown when you raise identical twins apart

nature vs nuture

what problem is faced when we use evolutionary psychology

our explanations are hindsight explanations that cannot be tested

sensation is normal when you have face blindness because

only the perception of other people is effected

if you trace vision from the light that arrives at the surface of the eyeball to the rest of the story it is

a bottom to top

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere \n (ex - focusing on the people in white passing the basketball and not noticing the gorilla between them)

inattentional blindness (selective inattention)

stimuli that is sublimial is that which

you detect less than 50% of the time

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. \n Ex - thinking the fries taste better just because they are in a McDonalds bag

perceptual set

the occipital cortex that performs parallel processing on visual input includes

motion, form, depth, and color

the key idea of the opponent process theory is that

you cannot experience both opposing colors at the same time

the key idea of the entire area we know as gestalt is that

we group and organize sensations into perceptions

gestalt sensations include

close, similarity, symmetry, and proximity

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (ex - walking into a smelly room and then the odor diminishing after a few minutes).

sensory adaptation

a binocular cue for perceiving depth

retinal disparity

the monocular cue that one goes from a closer object blocking the one behind it in your field of vision

interposition

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

color constancy

the strange illusion of the Ames room depends on the

false assumption regarding the shape of the room

the pitch we hear of sound is determined by the ___ of sound waves

length

the length of sound waves affecting the ___ may show how we hear

cochlea

we sense pressure on the skin due to

mechanorecptors

the temperature we feel on one’s skin is due to

thermoreceptors

the sense one has of motion is

vestibular sense

when we have a stomach ache, that is an experience of

nociceptors

the daily pattern where our body temperature rises and falls

circadian rhymthm

the deepest stage of sleep

delta waves (NREM-3)

the sleep stage where one might experience hypnotic hallucinations

alpha waves (NREM-1)

the stage where the subjects eyes move back and fourth and when we dream

REM sleep

the part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus helps us explain

why we find it difficult to sleep with the lights on

why we need sleep includes

memory consolidation, growth, protection from injury, and recuperation

people more often have nightmares when they have recently experienced trauma shows

dreams reflect the moods we have during waking life

the meaning of the strange imagery of our dreams supports the view that

the content of dreams is influenced by our wishes

people who play Tetris often dream of the Tetris blocks supports the view that

the content of dreams mirrors the visual images we have before sleep

the meaning of our dreams is latent when

the imagery and stories of our dreams don’t reveal their functions

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that change moods and perceptions

DSM 5 defines substance addiction

differently for different substances

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

tolerance / neuroadaptation

the research that shows that small financial rewards can be used to get users to stop using

contingency management

a substance is a depressant when

it calms neural activity and speeded up bodily functions

a substance is a stimulant when

it excites neural activity and speeded up body functions

a substance is a hallucinogen when

it alters perceptions

opioids are

depressants

food before conditioning is

an unconditioned stimulus

the salvation before conditioning is

an unconditioned response

the tuning fork prior to association is

the neural stimulus

the tuning fork after association is

the conditioned stimulus

the salvation after conditioned

conditioned response

a pigeon is placed in a box and receives food when a sign switches to the word turn and they turn

positive reinforcement

the teacher turns off the ear piercing sound when the students are good

negative reinforcement

when the student touches their phone during class, they receive an electrical shock

positive punishment

the teacher gives the student the silent treatment after they cheat

negative punishment

grades are a

conditioned reinforcer

every third time, the bird pecks it receives food

fixed ratio

a slot machine player continues to play even though they lost the last 5 times

variable ratio

the street crossing line is on for 10 minutes and off for 1

fixed interval

i read the new york times at the exact same time every morning, but only sometimes do i enjoy the stories

variable interval

every time a student participates, his grade goes up

continuous

the view that learning is either classical or operant

behaviorism

observational learning conflicts with behaviorism because

there is no reinforcement or associated stimulus

the general view a person has of a rabbit in their head is that of

concept

when you are in charge of identifying the robber of a crime scene, but accidentally pick a man who looks like a robber from your favorite TV show

the availability heuristic

the form of distributed practice that involves spreading out the time you study

spacing effects

immediately open seeing something ; the first thing memory does

encode

helps organize and encode lengthy passages and information \n Example - PEMDAS, ASTC

mnemonics

remember when you were in class and dumped water all over yourself?

episodic memory

the type of amnesia that makes it impossible to turn short term memories into long term memories

anteriograde amnesia

when you have a series of numbers and group them into meaningful sequences

chunking