PY 413 Exam 2 Practice Blackboard Questions

parallel fibers; Purkinje cells

The connection pattern between ____ and ____ in the cerebellum helps to control the timing of movements.

In this pathway, axons "decussate" (cross the midline) in the medulla.

Which statement about the "spinothalamic" sensory pathway is FALSE?

-Sensory afferents enter the spinal cord through the "dorsal root" in this pathway.

-This pathway carries pain signals.

-In this pathway, axons "decussate" (cross the midline) in the medulla.

-This pathway carries hot and cold signals.

Perceiving fine textures

The "rapid-adapting" type 2 (RA2) mechanoreceptor-and-neuron system for somatosensation is most associated with which function?

The piriform cortex

Representations of odorants are "synthesized" into representations of "odor objects" (aka odors) in which structure?

action selection; "disinhibiting" the thalamus's signal for the action that is selected

The "direct" pathway through the basal ganglia contributes to ____ by ____.

Prolonged stimulation of an M1 neuron causes a stereotyped movement of a body part toward a specific end point.

Which statement about electrical stimulation of primary motor cortex (M1) is TRUE?

-Studies of M1 stimulation indicate that M1 neurons control movements by sending precise instructions about exactly which flexors and extensors should be contracted and relaxed, and when.

Perilymph

Propagates pressure waves from the oval window throughout the cochlea

Basilar and Tectorial membranes

Vibrate up-and-down and side-to-side (respectively) in response to pressure waves.

Orientation selectivity and/or main eye of input could change, but location in the visual field could not change.

If you're using an electrode to record from a neuron in primary visual cortex, and you move the electrode to a new location within the same "hypercolumn," what change(s) could you observe in neurons' responses for the new location versus the old location?

make it lower in pitch

Decreasing a sound's frequency will ____.

decrease its perceived loudness

Decreasing a sound's amplitude will ____.

periodic waves of compression of a medium

Sound stimuli are ____.

V1 simple cells

_____ respond best to a light-dark edge or bar in a particular orientation, and their receptive fields are sometimes "sandwich-shaped," featuring an elongated "ON" center between two elongated "OFF" surrounds.

higher frequency

"Place coding" of pitch works better for sounds that are ____.

timbre

The way a sound changes over short periods of time (such as its "attack" and "decay") is most closely related to the perceived ____ of that sound.

An inhibitory region at one end of the receptive field.

Which of these IS a feature of end-stopped cells, but is NOT a feature of complex cells?

Frequency coding only

The fact that the absolute refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which mechanism(s) of pitch coding in the cochlea?

phase locking

Every action potential that an auditory nerve afferent fires has the same timing relative to the "peak" of the sound's waveform. This is known as ____.

loudness

Increasing the amplitude of a sound wave would affect which perceptual characteristic of sound?

Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)

In which part of the brain are touch signals and proprioceptive signals integrated to enable identification of objects by touch?

rapid-adapting type 1 (RA1)

Which type of mechanoreceptor-and-neuron system is most closely associated with helping you control your grip, for example when you pick up something delicate without breaking it or letting it slip out of your fingers?

It contributes mainly to touch perception of fine spatial details, like the bumps of Braille writing.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the "rapid-adapting type 2" (aka RA2) mechanoreceptor-and-neuron system?

nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla

Taste nerves (aka taste afferent neurons) from the tongue synapse onto neurons in the ____.

inner hair cells, other portions of the cochlea, or auditory nerve

Sensorineural deafness (aka "nerve deafness" in the book's terminology) can be caused by damage to the ____.

parietal lobe

The various somatosensory areas of the thalamus send signals to primary somatosensory cortex, which is located in the ____.

Posterior parietal cortex

Of the areas below, which would likely be first to become active during the process of planning and executing a movement (such as getting up from your chair to get a glass of water)?

Standing up to get out of your chair.

Which of these would rely most heavily on signals carried in the medial corticospinal tract?

The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise of movements that muscle can make.

Which statement most correctly describes the relationship between motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?

trunk muscles, on both sides of his body

im recently suffered a spinal-cord injury that damaged his right medial spinothalamic tract, but nothing else. Tim's symptoms would most likely include weakness of ____.

How many Purkinje cells signal in sequence.

Which of these IS involved in determining the timing of an output signal from the cerebellum?

lateral corticospinal pathway

Tapping your right thumb and index finger together relies on motor signals sent from the brain in the ____.

Golgi tendon organs

Some muscles can damage themselves if they contract too vigorously; therefore, ____ respond to increases in muscle tension and act as a brake against excessively vigorous

contraction.

pyramids of the medulla

Axons in the lateral corticospinal tract "decussate" (cross the midline) in the ____.

more acetylcholine; less acetylcholine

When you extend your leg (i.e. straighten your knee), motor neurons release ____ onto leg extensor muscles like the quadriceps, and motor neurons release ____ onto leg flexor muscles like the biceps femoris.

cardiac

__ muscles are found in just one organ, and form a continuous network rather than having separate fibers.

A simple tone consists of a single sine wave of pressure changes.

Which statement about "simple tones" is TRUE?

feel touch on the RIGHT half of the body

Damage to the RIGHT half of the "dorsal column medial lemniscus" pathway in the spinal cord would most likely cause deficits in the ability to ___.

aerobic; less strenuous but longer duration

Slow-twitch muscle fibers use _____ respiration to fuel their contraction and are used mainly for activities that are _____.

Pinna and auditory canal

Amplify "resonant frequencies" and direct sound waves toward the middle ear.

Tympanic membrane

Transmit sound waves into the middle ear.

Ossicles

Amplify sound waves to overcome the "impedance mismatch" between the air of the middle ear and the fluid of the inner ear.

Oval window

Transmit sound waves into the fluid of the inner ear.

works better than "place coding" does for very low frequencies (under roughly 250 Hz).

"Temporal coding" for pitch in the cochlea ____.

Simple cells

V1 neurons with receptive fields composed of side-by-side or "sandwiched" inhibitory and excitatory zones; respond to stationary bar in the appropriate orientation

Koniocelluar neurons

LGN neurons with "center-surround" receptive fields; various functions, including some that are involved in discriminating "bluish vs yellowish" colors

Magnocellular neurons

LGN neurons with large "center-surround" receptive fields; sensitive to dim light

Parvocellular neurons

LGN neurons with small "center-surround" receptive fields; involved in discriminating "reddish vs greenish" colors

V1 simple cells

_____ respond best to a light-dark edge or bar in a particular orientation, and their receptive fields are sometimes "sandwich-shaped," featuring an elongated "ON" center between two elongated "OFF" surrounds.

Place coding works better than "temporal coding" does for low frequencies (under roughly 1000 Hz).

Which statement (if any) about "place coding" for pitch in the cochlea is FALSE?

-"Place coding" relies on the fact that different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound.

-Place coding works better than "temporal coding" does for low frequencies (under roughly 1000 Hz).

-"Place coding" works well for high frequencies.

-NONE of these statements are false.

Your perception of pain is based purely on the signals from nociceptors.

Which statement(s) about the "gate-control" model of pain is (or are) FALSE?

-ALL of the other statements are false.

-Top-down signals from the brain can inhibit neurons in the spinal cord from relaying pain signals.

-Your perception of pain is based purely on the signals from nociceptors.

-Signals from mechanoreceptors can inhibit neurons in the spinal cord from relaying pain signals.

several to hundreds of muscle fibers; just one motor neuron

A single motor neuron can innervate ____. A single muscle fiber is innervated by ____.

The left half

JC is looking directly at his microwave. Just to right of the microwave is his toaster. (i.e., the toaster is in the right portion of JC's visual field.) Where on JC's right-eye retina would the image of the toaster fall?

Receptive field

Which term refers to the part of space that excites or inhibits a particular sensory neuron?

It is the part of the retina with the best visual acuity.

Which statement about the fovea is TRUE?

The high convergence from many rods onto a single retinal ganglion cell in the peripheral retina enables higher sensitivity to dim light there.

Which statement about "convergence" in the visual system is TRUE?

The most common type is "anomalous trichromacy."

Which statement about inherited color vision deficiencies is TRUE?

have smaller receptive fields

Compared to retinal ganglion cells for the peripheral retina, retinal ganglion cells for the fovea tend to ___.

retinal ganglion cells

The optic nerve is made up of axons from which kind of cell?

the cornea

Which eye structure helps to focus light by refraction?

the right half of each retina

The right lateral geniculate nucleus processes signals from ____.

A circular center and an annular (donut-shaped) surround, which are "antagonistic" toward each other (i.e. light in the center has the opposite effect of light in the surround).

The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells and cells in the LGN tend to have which type of shape?

It's possible for two simple tones of the same pitch and loudness to be distinguished by timbre.

Which statement about "simple tones" and "complex sounds" is FALSE

In the spinal cord

Where do neurons "decussate" (cross the midline) in the pain pathway?

are a stereotyped sequence of individual motions

Actions that are controlled by "motor programs" ___.

Hippocampus

Which structure is NOT part of the "direct pathway" through the basal ganglia?