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Fact
An observation/thought to be true
Hypothesis
An assumption made from observations that are tested
Scientific Theory
The best possible explanation given about the universe after years of proven hypotheses and research.
Atomic number
Number of protons in an element
Atomic mass
The number of Protons + neutrons in an element
Matter
Made of atoms/anything with mass and volume
Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Neutral
Atoms are usually ____
Testable
What must a scientific problem be?
If…then
The format of a hypothesis
Observe, define problem, form question, research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze, reflect, communicate
9 Steps of a scientific inquiry
Publishing in journal/media/conference/lab visits
Example(s) of communication after an experiment
Scientific laws
Statements of observed phenomena.
False
Theories can become laws.
Fact, disproved
A law is a ____. They cannot be ____
To solve a question about something in the universe
Why do we use the scientific method?
Dependent variable
Changes because of the independent variable
Independent (variable)
The variable labeled on the x axis
Dependent
The variable labeled on the y axis
Control group
The group that doesn’t receive treatments or changes during the experiment
Experimental group
The group receiving changes or treatments during the experiment
Has cells, consumes energy, maintains homeostasis, responds to stimuli, grows + develops, evolves, reproduces, contains DNA
8 requirements of life
ph levels/sweating/shivering
Example of homeostasis
Structured
Living things are highly _____
Evolution
The gradual adaptation in the species (not just a mutation in one individual)
Metabolism
Reaction that breaks down food
Sun
Initial and ultimate source of energy
Responding to stimuli
Migrating birds are an example of
Cation
When a neutral atom loses an electron and gains a positive charge.
Anion
When a neutral atom gains and electron and a negative charge
CHONPS
The acronym of elements found in 96% of a living organism’s body
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
the CHONPS acronym is short for
Trace elements
Elements found in small amounts in living organisms; needed to prevent disease and transport oxygen etc.
Compounds
Pure substance formed when 2+ elements combine; cannot be separated physically
Stability
Elements bond to increase _____
attracted
Elements are ____ to each other
Chemical bond (ATP)
Energy is stored in the ____
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Components of an atom
Neutral
Neutrons have a ___ charge
Positive
Protons have a _____ charge
Element
Purest form of a substance
One
Elements are made of ____ atom
Broken down
Elements cannot be ____
Negative
Electrons have a _____ charge
Cell
Simplest level of life
Plasma membrane/cell membrane
What surrounds a cell and separates it form its environment?
Tissues, organs, systems
Multicellular organisms can be organized into ____, ____, ____
Unicellular
An organism consisting of one cell
Multicellular
An organism made up of many cells
False
True or false: Wood and cork are considered alive
Double helix
DNA is structured with a ______
37
What is a normal human’s body temperature (don’t add degrees or Celsius at the end) in Celsius?
Homeostasis
An automatic reaction to an internal environment
Energy
The ability to make things change
Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and energy from the sun are converted into food
Autotroph
Able to sustain themselves by producing their own food
Heterotroph
Unable to create food by themselves and must consume autotrophs to survive
Sexual and aesexual
Two types of reproduction
Growth
Irreversible change in the size of cells and organs (enlarging) is an example of what?
Development
Maturation of an organism. Does not refer to the organism becoming larger in size
Internal
The growth inside a non-living thing is not ____
Reproduction
The process of creating offspring
Extinction
The total absence of a once-living species. Every member is deceased.
Valence electrons
regular electrons in the outer shell.
Bonding
Valence electrons are involved in ____
to become more stable
Why do elements want to fill their outer shell?
2
As the odd one out in the octet rule, how many electrons fill the inner shell?
8
Other than the inner shell, what is the MAX amount of electrons in each shell?
Octet rule
The rule that states that other than the inner shell, each shell must have a max number of 8 electrons
Covalent bond
Bond of NONMETALS, and SHARES electrons
Ionic bond
Metal + nonmetal bond, DONATES electrons
Hydrogen bond
Weak bond containing a hydrogen atom; between slightly positive and slightly negative molecules.
Van der waals bond
Weak attraction caused by temporary partial charges when an electron moves around a nucleus.
Covalent
A water molecule is held together by the _____ bond
Negative
What kind of a charge would the oxygen atom have compared to the hydrogen atom?
Oxygen
Hydrogen atoms in water molecules form a weak attraction with other ____ atoms
Disorganized
Is the structure of water organized or dissorganized?
high heat capacity, cohesion, adhesion, temperature regulation, polarity, universal solvent, low density of ice, neutral pH
8 Properties of water
True
True or false: Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid
Hydrogen
Which of the bonds take a lot of energy to break? (*in water)
Uniform
The structure of ice is ____ compared to the disorganized structure of water.
Bent
A Water molecule has a ____ shape
uneven
A water molecule has a ______ distribution charge
Cohesion
TThe attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
The attraction between molecules of different substances
Capillary action
A result of both cohesion and adhesion; goes against the force of gravity
Likes dissolve likes
The 3-word phrase used to explain why water can only dissolve polar substances
Lipids
Water cannot dissolve ____
hydrogen ions
Acids release ____ when placed in water
Potential hydrogen
The full name of pH
pH
the name given to the acid or base characteristic of a substance
14
Highest pH level
0
Lowest pH level
Hydroxide ions
Basic substances release ____
7
Water has a pH of
Buffer
Keeps the pH of a solution near constant: minimizes changes in pH
neutral
Buffers are NOT _____
10x
A substance with a pH of 7 is ___ more basic than a substance with a pH of 6
100x
A substance with a pH of 8 is ___ more acidic than a substance with a pH of 10
Arm and base
When carrying a microscope, you put your hands on the ____
