Matter —> radioactive isotopes (copy)

Fact

An observation/thought to be true

Hypothesis

An assumption made from observations that are tested

Scientific Theory

The best possible explanation given about the universe after years of proven hypotheses and research.

Atomic number

Number of protons in an element

Atomic mass

The number of Protons + neutrons in an element

Matter

Made of atoms/anything with mass and volume

Atoms

Building blocks of matter

Neutral

Atoms are usually ____

Testable

What must a scientific problem be?

If…then

The format of a hypothesis

Observe, define problem, form question, research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze, reflect, communicate

9 Steps of a scientific inquiry

Publishing in journal/media/conference/lab visits

Example(s) of communication after an experiment

Scientific laws

Statements of observed phenomena.

False

Theories can become laws.

Fact, disproved

A law is a ____. They cannot be ____

To solve a question about something in the universe

Why do we use the scientific method?

Dependent variable

Changes because of the independent variable

Independent (variable)

The variable labeled on the x axis

Dependent

The variable labeled on the y axis

Control group

The group that doesn’t receive treatments or changes during the experiment

Experimental group

The group receiving changes or treatments during the experiment

Has cells, consumes energy, maintains homeostasis, responds to stimuli, grows + develops, evolves, reproduces, contains DNA

8 requirements of life

ph levels/sweating/shivering

Example of homeostasis

Structured

Living things are highly _____

Evolution

The gradual adaptation in the species (not just a mutation in one individual)

Metabolism

Reaction that breaks down food

Sun

Initial and ultimate source of energy

Responding to stimuli

Migrating birds are an example of

Cation

When a neutral atom loses an electron and gains a positive charge.

Anion

When a neutral atom gains and electron and a negative charge

CHONPS

The acronym of elements found in 96% of a living organism’s body

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

the CHONPS acronym is short for

Trace elements

Elements found in small amounts in living organisms; needed to prevent disease and transport oxygen etc.

Compounds

Pure substance formed when 2+ elements combine; cannot be separated physically

Stability

Elements bond to increase _____

attracted

Elements are ____ to each other

Chemical bond (ATP)

Energy is stored in the ____

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Components of an atom

Neutral

Neutrons have a ___ charge

Positive

Protons have a _____ charge

Element

Purest form of a substance

One

Elements are made of ____ atom

Broken down

Elements cannot be ____

Negative

Electrons have a _____ charge

Cell

Simplest level of life

Plasma membrane/cell membrane

What surrounds a cell and separates it form its environment?

Tissues, organs, systems

Multicellular organisms can be organized into ____, ____, ____

Unicellular

An organism consisting of one cell

Multicellular

An organism made up of many cells

False

True or false: Wood and cork are considered alive

Double helix

DNA is structured with a ______

37

What is a normal human’s body temperature (don’t add degrees or Celsius at the end) in Celsius?

Homeostasis

An automatic reaction to an internal environment

Energy

The ability to make things change

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide and energy from the sun are converted into food

Autotroph

Able to sustain themselves by producing their own food

Heterotroph

Unable to create food by themselves and must consume autotrophs to survive

Sexual and aesexual

Two types of reproduction

Growth

Irreversible change in the size of cells and organs (enlarging) is an example of what?

Development

Maturation of an organism. Does not refer to the organism becoming larger in size

Internal

The growth inside a non-living thing is not ____

Reproduction

The process of creating offspring

Extinction

The total absence of a once-living species. Every member is deceased.

Valence electrons

regular electrons in the outer shell.

Bonding

Valence electrons are involved in ____

to become more stable

Why do elements want to fill their outer shell?

2

As the odd one out in the octet rule, how many electrons fill the inner shell?

8

Other than the inner shell, what is the MAX amount of electrons in each shell?

Octet rule

The rule that states that other than the inner shell, each shell must have a max number of 8 electrons

Covalent bond

Bond of NONMETALS, and SHARES electrons

Ionic bond

Metal + nonmetal bond, DONATES electrons

Hydrogen bond

Weak bond containing a hydrogen atom; between slightly positive and slightly negative molecules.

Van der waals bond

Weak attraction caused by temporary partial charges when an electron moves around a nucleus.

Covalent

A water molecule is held together by the _____ bond

Negative

What kind of a charge would the oxygen atom have compared to the hydrogen atom?

Oxygen

Hydrogen atoms in water molecules form a weak attraction with other ____ atoms

Disorganized

Is the structure of water organized or dissorganized?

high heat capacity, cohesion, adhesion, temperature regulation, polarity, universal solvent, low density of ice, neutral pH

8 Properties of water

True

True or false: Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid

Hydrogen

Which of the bonds take a lot of energy to break? (*in water)

Uniform

The structure of ice is ____ compared to the disorganized structure of water.

Bent

A Water molecule has a ____ shape

uneven

A water molecule has a ______ distribution charge

Cohesion

TThe attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances

Capillary action

A result of both cohesion and adhesion; goes against the force of gravity

Likes dissolve likes

The 3-word phrase used to explain why water can only dissolve polar substances

Lipids

Water cannot dissolve ____

hydrogen ions

Acids release ____ when placed in water

Potential hydrogen

The full name of pH

pH

the name given to the acid or base characteristic of a substance

14

Highest pH level

0

Lowest pH level

Hydroxide ions

Basic substances release ____

7

Water has a pH of

Buffer

Keeps the pH of a solution near constant: minimizes changes in pH

neutral

Buffers are NOT _____

10x

A substance with a pH of 7 is ___ more basic than a substance with a pH of 6

100x

A substance with a pH of 8 is ___ more acidic than a substance with a pH of 10

Arm and base

When carrying a microscope, you put your hands on the ____