Chapter 10 notes

Increasing contact

Started in the 12th century through events like the crusades and reconquista.

Reconquista

The period when Christian kingdoms attempted to reclaim land from Muslims in Spain.

Deep-draught ships

New technology that improved ocean voyages for explorers.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prominent figure from Portugal who led expeditions along the African coast.

Cape of Good Hope

Significant landmark reached by Portuguese explorers as they navigated around Africa.

Vasco da Gama

First person to sail directly from Europe to India, reaching it in 1498.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer credited with discovering the Americas in 1492.

Ferdinand Magellan

Explorer known for leading the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the globe.

Chartered companies

Private companies authorized to use resources and trade with less government supervision.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the New World and the Old World.

Mercantilism

Economic theory emphasizing the importance of exporting more than importing.

Mestizos

People of mixed indigenous and European ancestry resulting from intermarriage.

Imbalances in world trade

Economic disparities exemplified by Spain and Portugal's lack of financial systems.

Transatlantic slave trade

Trade network where millions of Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas.

Plantations

Large agricultural estates where crops like sugar were grown, heavily relying on slave labor.

Environmental impact of colonization

Negative effects such as soil erosion and deforestation resulting from European expansion.

Indigenous population decline

Significant reduction due to diseases brought by Europeans, particularly among Native Americans.

Seven Years War

First global conflict involving multiple great powers, occurring between 1756-1763.

Sugar trade

Trade of sugar which became a significant commodity in both the Old and New Worlds.

British and French rivalry in North America

Competition for control and resources that characterized colonial expansion in the Americas.

Colonial expansion patterns

Diverse approaches towards colonization between Latin America and North America.

Eastern trade routes

Continued use by Chinese, Japanese, and Muslim traders despite European expansion.

Force labor

Widespread system of labor exploitation that emerged to meet economic demands.

Globalization effects

Social, economic, and environmental changes driven by increasing international interactions.

Economic competition in textiles

Tensions between British and Indian textile production that influenced colonial economies.

Slavery in the New World

Terrifying reality for millions as forced labor became integral to colonial economies.

Francisco Petrarch

Italian scholar and poet, often regarded as the father of Humanism. His work inspired many Renaissance figures and emphasized classical literature.

The Italian Renaissance

a cultural “rebirth” beginning in the 14th and 15th centuries in northern Italy. it was fueled by wealth from trade, a powerful merchant class, and political rivalry between city-states

Key Characteristics of Renaissance Art

A shift to realism, the use of pererpiceive, the shadow, and distance. it had a strong focus on human beings and worldly (non-religious) subjects 

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Artist and Sculptor

 Leonado Da Vinci

Artist, Indentor and scientist

Niccolo Machiavelli

political philsohor (the prince)

Humanism

by 1500, renaissance ideas spread to France, England, and Germany. this moment was generally more conferenced with religious matters than the Italian renaissance.

Key Northern renaissance figures 

William Shakespeare (England) 

Miguel de Cepervatnes (Spain) 

Johannes Gutenberg

the inventor or moveable typer (the printing press) in Europe. this technology allowed for the mass production of books, spreading literacy and new ideas (like the bible in vernacular languages)

European-style family pattern

an emerging family struggle in this period characized by late marriage age and a focus on there nucalr family (parents and children), which helped to limit birth rates

Martian Luther

in 1517, he initiated the protestant reformation by attacking church he argued that the bible is the only true authorty not the pope and should be translated into the vernacular (local languges)

polital impact of Protestantism 

Many German princes and rulers supported Luthers’s “protest” as a way to gain poltcla power, oppose the papact and seize church lands 

Henry VIII

King of Englands who broke with the catholic church for poetical reasons (to get a divorc). he established the anglican church (church of England) with himself as head

Jean Calvin

A key protestant reformer who founded Calvinism, which was based on the central doctrine of predestination (the belief that god has already determined who will be saved)

Catholic Reformation (counter-reformation

The Catholic church’s internal response to the Protestant reformation. it involved a period of renewal and the creation of new orders like the jesuits who focused on education and missionary work

Thirty years war 

1618-1648 a massive religious and politcal war that was defeating to Germany it ended with the treaty of westphiala 

Treaty of Westphalia

The treaty that ended the thirty years war. it affirmed the independence of the Netherlands and allowed for rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their states religious (splitting Germany between protestant north and a catholic south)

English Civil War

(1640s) a conflict between parliament (back by puritan/Calvinists) and the monocracy (back by anglicans). it ultimately led to parliament becoming triumphant over the king

commercial revolution and 16th century inflation

a pariod of major economic change a massive influx of gold and silver from the new world caused widespread inflation. this increased the wealth of merchants but hurt the power of the tractional, landowning nobly (the first estate)

proletariat 

a new social class that emerged during the commercial revolution, made up of propel who did not own property and had to sell there labor to survive 

Nicoluas Copernicus

A key figure of the scientific revolutions who proposed that plants move around the sun. challenging the church’s geocenic view

Key Scientific Revolution Figures

Johannes Kepler: confirmed Copernicus model though observation

Galileo Galilei: Used the telescope to provided evidence for the heliocentric model, leading to conflict with the church

William Harvey: discovered the circularity system of blood

New Scientific methods

francis bacon: championed Empirical research (observation and expermention) 

Rene Descartes: emptied Skepticism and deductive reasoning 

Isaac Newton 

The central figure of the scientific revolution who estbliedh a system of natural laws (e.g Gravity) descrying a predicable and mechanical universe

Deism

a religious belief (popular amoung figures like newton and many US founding father) that god created the universe (like a clockmaker) but does not intervense in its daily workings

Absolute Monarchy

A political system where a monarch holds supreme. centralized authority. features a strong bureaucy and, in France, the claim of “divine right.”

Louis XIV

the “Sun King” of France; the Best example of an absolute monarch. he centralized power and built the place of Versailles to show off his power and control the nobility 

Parliamentary Monarchy

a system developed in England where the monarchs power is limited by a repressive Boyd (parliament). this was esblised after the English civil war and the glorious revolution 

The enlightenment 

An intleical movement that grew from the scientific revolution. it applied scientific methods and reason to society and politics, based on belief in human progress and that people are naturally good. 

John locke

An englightment philosopher who argued for the use of reason and belief in natural rights (life, liberty and property) his ideas heavily influenced the American revolution

Adam Smith

Author of the wealth of nations. he augured for laissez-fair economic (government should not interfere)

Enlightened deposits

absolute monarchs who tired to tule using enlightenment princples. examples include Frederic the great of Prussia, who promoted regulus freedom

Mary Wollstonecraft 

am enlightenment thinker who applied its princples to woman’s rights and attack social inequality

Domestic System

a pre-industrial system of manufacturing where households produce finished goods (like textiles) for merchants, who would then sell them