Biotechnology: Reviewer

Various techniques used for modification or alteration of organisms through the process of heredity and reproduction.

Genetic Engineering

A common technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or few copies of a segment of DNA in a particular DNA sequence.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

(96 degrees) - strongly heats to separate, or denature the DNA strands.

Denaturation

(55-65 degrees) Cools the reaction so primers can bind.

Annealing

(72 degrees) Raises the reaction temperatures so polymerase extends primers.

Extension

What does “thermophillic mean?”

Heat loving

Isolates genes and produces cloned molecules.

Molecular Scissor or Restriction Enzymes

2 DNA molecules cut by restriction will be joined by (or will create bonds) by…

DNA Ligase

Cutting the DNA and viewing / visualizing it.

Gel electrophoresis

Which enzyme prevents self-ligation?

Phosphatase

Repairs the phosphodiester backbone of DNA during molecular cloning.

DNA Ligase

Has potential to enhance all forms of human agriculture.

Transgenes

Which of the following statements is true about the use of genetically modified crops globally?

A. It has the potential to disrupt income based on traditional       agricultural products.

B. It has been widely embraced for a few crops.

C. Only A is correct.

D. Both A and B are correct.

D. Both A and B are correct.

One of the methods of destroying seed is the technology protection system or terminator technology. Which of the following statements is NOT true about terminator technology?

A. It is motivated by a desire to compensate seed-developing companies for the seed.

B. It would encourage collection for replanting the next season.

C. It kills the seed at crucial points during embryo development.

D. It raises concern about killing natural populations due to outcrossing.

B. It would encourage collection for replanting next season.

It allows agriculture on marginal lands.

Hardiness

Transgenic fish have been engineered to..

Grow larger.

Golden Rice is rich in…

Beta-carotine

What is the only thing that should be used for chemically contaminated soil?

Naturally occurring microbes

These are vessels where cells are provided with the optimal amount and types of nutrients, oxygen, and other environmental variables to allow their growth and production of chemicals.

Bioreactors

Gene therapy can help cure people with…

Hereditary disease

This is known as the collection of methods that allows correction of a gene that has been diagnosed in a child or embryo.

Gene therapy

Gene defects are cured in what stage?

Embryonic stage

What gene is delivered to an individual with genetic defect?

Normal gene

What was used to treat an autosomal recessive metabolic and immune disorder called Adenosine deaminase deficiency?

Gene therapy

What is an alternative method to cure ADA deficiency?

Bone marrow transplantation

What are the components of the blood of the patient that are grown in a culture outside of the body in the first stage of gene therapy?

Lymphocytes

What can gene therapy cure?

Hereditary diseases

Where was insulin obtained in the early days?

Derived from animals such as cattles and pigs.

What organ secretes insulin?

Pancreas

What produces recombinant insulin?

E. coli

The researcher in a biotechnology lab invented a vaccine to promote limited vulnerability to the symptoms of the Covid 19 virus. He is planning to test will vaccine on a monkey, but changed his mind and decided to test the vaccine first in a field of viruses that were preserved in the laboratory instead.

What ethical principle does the researcher execute during the testing of the vaccine?

Animal Rights

A child has been admitted to the hospital with a significant open fracture on his left leg. The limb is deformed with excessive bleeding and the patient is extremely distressed. The parents are requesting the doctors to act immediately. The attending physician immediately asked to order bags of blood to be transfused to the child and instead of amputating the child’s leg, he will try to fix it.

What ethical principle did the doctor show?

Beneficence

Ice minus may affect what?

The climate

Humans interact with their surroundings and depend upon the condition of the environment to survive. The easiest way to argue for the protection of the environment is to appeal to the human dependence upon it.

Which bioethics is shown in the statement?

Environmental Ethics

Genes can flow from modified plants to natural plants leading to possible threat to biodiversity.

Which of the following ethical aspects of genetically modified food is shown in the statement?

Environmental Risk

Changing the phenotype of an organism without considering the possible consequences shows which issue in biotechnology?

Transgenesis

Clinical trials on humans and animals for making new vaccines is considered unethical in …

Healthcare

Gene information can come into use as a weapon if it falls into the wrong hands shows…

Bioterrorism

Changing the ecosystem according to the needs of humankind shows…

Environmental Risk

Herbicide resistant weeds grow more as a result of cross pollination with correlated species shows which aspect of biotechnology ethics?

Agriculture