Human Anatomy HNRS: Integumentary System

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Functions of Integumentary System

• Protection from UV rays and motion

• Sensory information

• Thermoregulation

• Synthesis of proteins

• Excretion of fluids such as sweat or sebum

• Non-verbal communication

3 Layers of the Integumentary System (superficial to deep)

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

5 Layers of Epidermis (superficial to deep)

• Stratum Corneum

• Stratum Lucideum

• Stratum Granulosum

• Stratum Spinosum

• Stratum Basale

Function and Cells in Stratum Corneum

• Dead keratinocytes

• Protects body from motion and UV rays

Function and Cells in Stratum Lucidum

• Dead anucleate (no nucleus) keratinocytes

• Only appears in thick skin/soles of feet and palms

• Another thick protective layer

• Connects stratum corneum and stratum granulosum layer

Function and Cells in Stratum Granulosum

• Lamellar granules

• Langerhans (dendritic) cells

• Assists in maturity of keratin

Function and cells in Stratum Spinosum

• Desmosomes

• Immature keratin

• Langerhans (dendritic) cells

• Melanocytes

• Actively uses mitosis to mature, provides immune response and color for skin

Function and Cells in Stratum Basale

• Stem (columnar) cells

• Merkel (tactile) cells

• Actively uses mitosis to create cells

Specialized Cells in the Epidermis and their Function

• Melanocytes: gives skin pigment

• Keratinocytes: hardens and makes the skin waterproof

• Langerhans: protects and fights disease (immune response)

• Merkel: provides sensory information

2 Layers of Dermis

• Papillary layer

  • Dermal papillae produces fingerprints

• Reticular layer

  • Provides elasticity and strength

Structures in Dermis Matrix

• Fibroblasts

  • Collagen

• Macrophages

Cells and Structures of Hypodermis

• Adipose (fat) tissues

• Blood cells

Function of Hypodermis

• Absorbs shock

• Thermal insulation

• Binds skin

3 Accessory Structures

• Nail

• Hair

• Glands

Composition of Hair

• Filaments of epithelial cells

• Color is determined by melanocytes

• Each hair strand is attached to an arrector pilli

  • Goosebumps

Composition of Nails

• Keratinized epithelial cells

• Nail Matrix

  • Grows cells to produce epithelial cells

Types of Glands

• Sudoriferous

  • Merocrine

  • Apocrine

• Ceruminous

• Mammary

• Sebaceous

Function and Location of Sudoriferous Gland

• Sweat

  • Water and salt

• Found under most areas of skin

2 Types of Sudoriferous Glands, Function, and their Location

• Merocrine Gland

  • Secretes watery substance through pores

  • Found in most skin

• Apocrine Gland

  • Secretes fluids based on stress of sexual adrenaline

  • Found in armpits and in pubic are

Function and Location of Ceruminous Gland

• Excretes earwax (cerumen)

• Protects ear canal

Function and Location of Mammary Glands

• Produces milk through nipple stimulation

• Found in breasts

Function and Location of Sebaceous Glands

• Releases sebum (oil)

• Sebum removes bacteria from skin

Characteristics and Effects of 1st-Degree Burn

• Penetrates epidermis (stratum corneum)

• Redness, swelling, pain, leaves scars

• Healed in few days

• Treatment:

  • Antibiotic/pain medication

• Impacts:

  • Hair shaft

  • Keratinocytes

Characteristics and Effects of 2nd-Degree Burn

• Penetrates epidermis and dermis

• Blistering, red/tan/white, painful

• Takes 2 weeks-months to heal

• Treatment:

  • Gauze

  • Antibiotic/pain medication

• Impacts:

  • Cells relating to the epidermis

  • Cells relating to dermis (papillary or reticular layer)

  • Hair root

Characteristics and Effects of 3rd-Degree Burn

• Full-thickness

• Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and other tissues completely destroyed

• Takes years to heal, might be permanent

• Treatment:

  • Synthetic skin

  • Debridement (removal of eschar to prevent infection)

• Impact:

  • Adipose cells

  • Blood vessels

  • Nerves

Characteristics and Effects of Acne

• Clogging of pores near sebaceous glands

• Common during puberty

• Caused by hormonal changes

• Impacts:

  • Face

  • Hair

  • Skin w/ hair

Characteristics and Effects of Ezcema

• Inflammatory condition

• Allergic reaction of dry, itchy, and swelling patches of skin

• Impacts:

  • Joint areas of skin

Characteristics and Effects of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

• Affects keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

• Commonly located in scalp, ears, and hands

Characteristics and Effects of Basale Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

• Affects cells in stratum basale (columnar cells, merkel cells)

• Most common skin cancer

• Located in hands, neck, arms, back

Which skin cancer is more dangerous: SCC or BCC?

Squamous cell carcinoma is more dangerous because SCC metastasizes.

Characteristics and Effects of Melanoma

• Arises from pre-existing mole

  • Melanocytes exposed to UV radiation, which leads to DNA disfiguration and causes the melanocytes to become a malignant cancer

• Rare and fatal

ABCD’s of Recognizing Melanoma

• A: Asymmetry

• B: Border irregularity

• C: Color

• D: Diameter

Treatments for Skin Cancer

• Surgical removal

• Radiation therapy

• Cryosurgery

• Removal by heat

Effects of Aging

• Collagen loss

• Thinning of blood vessels

• Stem cell reduction

• Elasticity loss

• Less immune cells

Inflammatory Response

1. Chemical alarm

   • Alert for defensive action sent through histamine

2. Vasodilation

   • Widening of blood vessels. Leads to increased blood supply, redness, and heat

3. Vascular permeability

   • Increased help at site of pathogens. Help from WBC’s, body fluids

4. Phagocytes

   • Arrive at site to destroy and engulf pathogens

Defenses vs. Barriers

• Barriers: prevent entrance of pathogens

• Defenses: response to the pathogens

Cause and Effect of Cyanosis

• Cause: Oxygen deficiency

• Effect: Blue skin on toes and fingers

Cause and Effect Erythema

• Cause: increased blood flow

• Effect: redness

Cause and Effect of Pallor

• Cause: Diminished blood flow

• Effect: ashy pale skin

Cause and Effect of Albinism

• Cause: Lack of melanin

• Effect: white hair, pale skin

Cause and Effect of Jaundice

• Cause: excess bilirubin

• Effect: yellowing in skin and eyes

Cause and Effect of Bronzing

• Cause: glucocorticoid deficiency

• Effect: Golden brown skin