Chapter 10 notes


Increasing contact from 12th century 

  • From crusades, reconuista, that is when they pushed out the muslims and stole from them

  • Familiarity with imports 

  • Changes 

    • Mongol fall 

    • Ottomans intervene 

  • European efforts to expand, the only thing they can do it set up ports around africa, africa nation is too strong, the transatlanic slave trade will weaken it for europe to expand into africa but not until later 

  • New technology: a key power 

    • Deep-draught ships 

      • Better on ocean voyages 

    • Armaments better 

    • Compasses, mapmaking help navigation, the ships are not useful with out compass, it is why it takes time and they stay on the coast time 



  • Portugal and Spain lead the pack, Portugal was the first because of prince henry, they are the first to go africa to capetown. 

    • Prince Henry the navigator 

      • Expeditions along africa coast 

    • Cape of good hope 

    • 1498, vasco da gama reaches india- they attempt to dominate with trade 

    • Diez, is the first around the cape,

    • 1514, portuguese to indounisa, china 

    • Christopher Columbus 

      • To America, 1492 

    • Ferdidinade Magellan 

      • 1519, brings circumnavigation to the world 


  • Northern europe Expeditions 

    • England, holland, france take the intuitive 

    • 1588, british defeat spanish armada 

    • 1534, french cross the atlantic

      • Settle canada, they had to fight between the french and the english with the fur trade 

    • 1497, british sail to north america 

      • 1600s, begin colonization 

    • Dutch 

      • North America territory 

      • Indonesia 

      • Cape town they dominate 



Chartered companies  (private companies which allows them to use other resources) france can not do this 

  • Little government supervision 

  • Dutch east india company 

  • British east india company 


The columbian exchange of disease and food 


  • Native Americans, politicians lack immunities

    • More than half of the population wiped out 

  • Slaves imported 

  • New world plants 

    • Corn, sweet potatoes, potato 

  • Old world animals 

    • Horse, cattle


  • Environment and labor 

    • Soil erosion 

    • Deforestation 

    • Fur trade 

    • Slave trade to meet labor system demands 

      • Plantations

  • Humans are bad for the environment 

  • The only thing that benefited the americas from the old war was domesticated animals such as horses, the spanish bring them during the 1500s 

  • It made the Europeans healthier 


Toward a world 

  • Continuity 

    • Asian shipping in chinese, japanese water 

    • Muslim traders along east african coast 

    • Turks in eastern med 

      • Battle of Lepanto, 1571

    • Europeans 

      • Remain on coast of africa, asia 

  • The west won't take over global trade until the 1700s


  • Imbalances in world trade 

    • Spain and Portugal lack financial systems

      • Gold and silver, china also struggles with this, there is not taxation systems and lose economic positioning. 

      • Spain declares bankruptcy  

    • england , france, holland 

      • More lasting economic presence 

      • Core nations 

      • France spends money badly

      • This idea of building large projects to show there wealth 


  • Mercantilism 

    • Exports, home production protected 

    • Depend areas supply raw materials 

  • An economic system, which is when you export more than you import 

  • States should have a lot of gold, coming from colonies, and then giving back. The government then gets more wealthy 

  • When the free market comes in so does capitalism 

    • Corporations are own thing

    • Lazze fair aspect 

  • This idea will be replaced by capitalism



  • A system of international inequality 

    • Permanent state of defense 

      • But peasants mostly unaffected 

      • Forced labor becomes widespread to meet demand 

      • Native Americans were sold into labor 

      • Sugar was the most exported item into the old world 

      • It would be extracted from the carbanan , making the haiti very strong in trade and good financial state 


  • Mestizos 

    • There was intermarrige between the new world and old world.

    • Creation of hierarchy 

    • The Europeans were on top 


  • How much world in the world economy? 

    • All areas affected 

      • East Asia self-sufficient

    • China interested in world economy 

      • Keep Europe out 

      • Only people coming to the shores 

    • Japan 

      • More open initially 

      • Isolation 17th to 19th century


  • Led to a large effective that would be seen in the future  


  • The expansionist trend 

    • Mughal empire in decline 

      • British, French move in 

    • Eastern Europe exports grain to the west 

    • Persecution of the hindu population 

    • The French and English set up trade ports through the trade companies, and eventually took direct control. 

    • The question of who will be in control is answered by the french treaty, thus making the brits in control 

    • Cashmere and wool, tea were exported from the mughal and textiles. The textiles were a competition between the British. They make it illegal for them to make textiles. India makes their own clothes. It broke the economic back of England . 


Colonial expansion: 


  • The americas: loosely controlled colonies 

    • Spain 

      • West indies 

      • 1509, panama 

        • Vasco de balboa 

      • Aztec, incas conquered

        • Loosely supervised conquestadors 


  • Spain

    • Search for gold 

      • Take tribute rather than conquer 

    • Admission 

      • Along with missionary activity 

    • They took over the system that the aztecs had 

  • North america 

    • From 17th century 

      • Francisco Pizarro 

    • French: canada, mississippi 

    • Dutch, english, atlantic seaboard 

    • West Indies, colonized by all three 



  • The british and french north america: backwater colonies:

    • Different pattern from latin america 

      • Religious refugee 

      • Land grants 

    • Canada 

      • New france 

      • French establish estates 

        • Controlled by states 

      • Catholic church influential 

      • Seven years war

      • Treaty of paris, 1763 

        • French relisuich canada, missippii 

      • Little merging of natives and immigrants 

      • Enlightenment ideas popular 


  • North america and western civilization 

    • European-style 

      • Nuclear unit 

    • European economic, political ideas 


  • Africa and Asia: coastal treading stations 

    • Barriers: climate, disease, geography 

    • Angola 

      • Portuguese slaving expeditions 

    • South africa 

      • 1652, dutch found cape colony 

        • Way sation 

      • Settlers move into interior 

        • Boers 

        • Conflicts with natives 

    • Asia 

      • Spain into philippines 

        • Conversion 

      • Indonesia 

        • Dutch east india company 

        • Also Taiwan briefly 

    • French and british fight for control of india 

      • British station at calcutta 

      • 1744, war beings

      • British win out


  • Impact on western europe 

    • Hostels between countries exacerbated 

    • Seven years war (1756-1763) 

      • First global war 


  • Sugar wide spread 


  • The impact of a new world order 

    • Slave trade affect 

    • Latin america, eastern europe 

      • Affected by slavery, serfdom

Chapter 10-11 Study guide 

Portuguese exploration (where did they go and what was the impact) 

  • Vasco de gama sailed around the cape of good and along African coast until he landed on the southwestern coast of india 

  • The portuguese also went to brazil 

  • Increased the amount of power held by the Portuguese empire 

  • Created new trade routes with africa and asia and increased Portugal's wealth, facilitated trade between Europe and other parts of the world 

  • Expanded the portuguese empires influenced into africa, asia and eventually south america 



Magellan Expedition


  • The expedition was meant to go all around the world, it was sponsored by spain in 1519-1522, led by ferdinand magellan to find the spice islands 

  • He died 

  • The significance: first circumnavigation of the world (proving the earth was round), opened new trade routes 



Capitalism (Adam Smith) 

  • Political and economic system where a country's trade is controlled by private owners rather than the government, specifically for profit 



Mercantitism 

  • An economic system based around trade and exporting more than importing, encourages buying within one’s own nation rather than seeking products from other nations, which promotes economic growth of a country. Dominant economic theory in western europe form 16th to 18th century 



Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoos and the spanish social order 


  • At the top of Spanish-American society were the peninsulares, people who had been born in Spain, which is on the iberian pendulum. Only peninsulares could hold high office in Spanish colonial government

  • Creoles, spaniares born in latin america, drivers of the latin america revolution. They could not hold high office, but could rise as officers of Spanish colonial armies. Together the two controlled land, wealth, and power in Spanish colonies 

  • Below peninsulas and creolers came the mestizons, persons of mixed european and indian ancestry


Cortez

  • Heran Cortez was a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain. He killed the Aztec empire 

  • He got a lot of indigenous  groups to fight them as well 



Pizzaro

  • Led the force that defended the inca through a surprise attack, he captured the incan emperor, claimed a large ransom then executed. This led to spanish control of most south america  



Seven years war: who fought, causes and outcome s

  • The French and the English fought over the US colonies and India. Between territory disputes and both countries wanting more land, they fought for 7 years. The english won and gained a lot of the french territory 


Importance of cape colony 

  • Area surrounding cape of good hope (south africa) 

  • Stopping point for ships 

  • Reful


Boers 

  • The Boers were Dutch people who settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century. They originally arrived in cape town due to one of their ships being stranded in table bay while attempting to get the Netherlands to find employment


Muglas 

  • Got taken over by brits. Comp between the french and the brits because they got some nice fabrics. India had decreased freedoms after they got taken over by the brits. The brits also imposed tariffs on their economy to protect their own economy 


Colombian exchange

  • The exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the americas and europe. Such as sheep, cows, horses which had a huge impact. 

  • Result europe and american life expectancies increased, but the population increased while the population in the Americas decreased


European trade with China in the 1600s

  • The Europeans wanted to get all the advanced tech they had such as explosives, gunpowder and other weapons. They were using a lot of silver to obtain all these things, resulting in china and india having most of the silver, because tech was otherwise really hard to pay for

  • During this time there were was government regulation trade 


Machivelli

  • Italian author, diplomate and historian during the renaissance

  • Known best for some of his books and political views 

  • He wrote the book “the prince” a guide book for leaders, on how to get power and how to keep it  



Gutenberg press

  • A machine made by Gueten with the purpose of quickly and effectively mass producing pages of text

  • Helped the spread of info and printing overall 

  • More accessible to biblical translations this overall weakened the power of the catholic church in europe


Martin Luther and the 95 theses 

  • Considered to have started the protestant reformations 

  • Martin Luther wrote it to oppose the corruption and abuse of power of the roman catholic church for selling indulgences 

  • Argues that true repentance of sin came from inner spirit rather than external sacramental confusion 


Edict of nantes 

  • The edict of Nantes was signed by Henry the king of France. Its main purpose was to give more rights to the minority Calvinist protestants and to end any war/conflict between them and he majority catholics 


30 years war 

  • Lasted from 1618-1648 and happened over religious freedoms. It was in the holy roman empire between germany proteantes and spain, it ended the treated of westphalia 


Scientific revolution

  • Starting using scientific methods discovered new things such as the earth going around the sun 

  • Many ideas were already discovered by other groups such as muslims 


Humanism 

  • Core part of the renaissance that emphasized individualism and man’s potential rather than religious themes