The Great War

Three words to remember about the war

Bloodbath, Trenches, and Stalemate

Four main causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Years of WWI

1914-1918

Date of Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination

June 28, 1914

Date that Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

July 28, 1914

Date the United States entered the war

April 6, 1917

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, Russia, France

Central Powers (4)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Allied Powers (6)

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Belgium, United States

"The Powder Keg of Europe"

nickname given to the Balkans

Event that "lit the powder keg"

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip

Assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria; a member of the Black Hand

The Black Hand

Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan for their war with France and Russia: massive invasion of France, hoping to knock them out of the war, then send troops to Russia; hoped GB would remain isolated and neutral

Britain's blockade

Britain blocked German ports and stopped merchant ships from sailing to Europe; they were often sent to British ports and inspected

Germany's response to the British blockade

They sent U-Boats to Britain to sink any ship in British waters without warning

Did Germany warn the U.S. about their sinkings?

Yes, warned Americans to stay off British passenger ships.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat

Lusitania casualties

1200 killed, including 128 Americans

Did the U.S. declare war because of the Lusitania?

No, it only shifted opinions away from the Central Powers

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

the sinking of ships without any warning

Restricted Submarine Warfare

giving warning before sinking ships

What was the sinking of the Lusitania considered?

it was considered unrestricted submarine warfare

Sussex Pledge

Germany will sink no more merchant ships without warning them first; restricted submarine warfare

First reason America entered the war

the Zimmermann Note

Zimmermann Note

a telegraph sent from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico to become an ally of Germany in a war with the U.S.; promised they would regain lost territory

How did the Zimmermann Note reach the U.S.?

it was intercepted by the British and given to the government and newspapers

Second Reason America entered the war

Germany's announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare in the war zone, causing some U.S. ships to be sunk

Who proposed America's declaration of war?

President Wilson

Propaganda Posters

Persuaded the public that the war was necessary and they should take action to help

Reasons the US would support the Allies over the Central Powers

Ties to Britain

The Western Front

A line of trenches that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea; most of the fighting between Germany and France/Britain/US

Liberty Bonds

Loans issued by the U.S. government to fund their effort in the war; lessened taxes

Espionage Act

prosecuted people found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty

Sedition Act

made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials

What did the Espionage and Sedition Acts violate?

First Amendment

Herbert Hoover

led the Food Administration

Food Administration

helped give soldiers food during the war by increasing farming motivation and promoting food preservation

Selective service/draft

a system by which men ages 18 through 25 register with the U.S. government for military service

African Americans in the war

fought in segregated units; those who stayed in America found opportunities in the north

Women in the war

filled jobs previously held by men; enlisted in the war by working as nurses; showed they could have the same privileges as men

Doughboys

nickname for American soldiers

Tommies

nickname for British soldiers

Huns

nickname for German soldiers

"Over There"

famous propaganda song for WWI

No Man's Land

territory between opposing trenches

Convoy

group of merchant and troop ships protected by warships

New weapons/technologies of WWI (9)

machine guns, poison gas, gas masks, tanks, aircrafts, submarines, Zeppelins, flamethrowers, grenades

Zeppelins

Large gas filled balloons used by Germany

Ace

a pilot who shot down at least 5 planes

"The Red Baron"

Manfred von Richthofen: famous German ace who had 80 kills; killed in battle in 1918

U-Boats

German submarines used to torpedo and sink British and American ships

Why did Russia drop out of the war?

Russian Revolution and the assassination of the Romanov family

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

peace treaty approved by Vladimir Lenin: Russia lost substantial territory, but they could exit

Leader of American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

John J. Pershing

The Argonne Forest

led by Corporal Alvin York; forced Germans to retreat to "Siegfreid"/"Hindenburg" Line

Corporal Alvin York and Eddie Rickenbacker

captured Americans' imagination with their bravery

Armistice definition

agreement to stop fighting

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918

Current name for Armistice Day

Veterans' Day

Treaty of Versailles

conference with many countries to discuss peace; the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I

The "Big Four"

Italy, UK, France, US

Wilson's Fourteen Point Plan (3 main themes)

Eliminate the causes of the war, National self-determination, ,League of Nations

National Self-Determination

the right of people to decide how they should be governed

League of Nations

group of countries working together to maintain peace

New countries established after the war (13)

POLAND, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Turkey, U.S.S.R., Finland, Ireland

Reparations

payment for war damages

U.S. Senate and the Treaty

Mostly opposed: some refused to support the treaty, some willing to support if amendments were made

Germany after the war

had to pay reparations, lost land, colonies, much of military, no national self determination, no empire

Did the U.S. join the League of Nations?

They never did.

Disease that killed many soldiers and citizens worldwide

Influenza