AP bio macro-molecules everything

Amino Acid

monomer of proteins (building block)

-linked together by peptide bonds to form proteins

-contain amino group & carboxyl group

Amphipathic

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

(characteristic of phospholipid membranes)

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds containing C, H, O

-source of stored energy

-serve as recognition/signaling molecules

Cellulose

A polymer of glucose - used by plants as a structural material

(most abundant carbon-containing (organic) compound on earth)

Condensation

Removal of water that links monomers together

denature

break down of the overall shape of a protein

-often caused by heat

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate made up TWO monosaccharides

(di=two)

Fatty acid

hydrophilic end AND hydrophobic tail

Glycerol

A three Carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl (-OH) groups

Glycogen

The major energy storage molecule in mammals

(a highly branched polymer of glucose)

Hydrolysis

Addition of water that breaks a polymer into monomers

Lipids

Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

(includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids, & phospholipids)

(often simply called "fats")

Macromolecules

Formed by covalent linkages of smaller molecules. (Four kinds: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids & lipids)

Monomers

A small molecule, two or more of which can be combined to form polymers

Monosaccharides

A simple sugar

(mono=one)

Nucleic acid

Polymers that store & transmit genetic information

-made up of nucleotides

Nucleotide

The basic chemical unit in nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

peptides

short polymers of amino acids

-short proteins

phospholipids

make up biological membranes (ex. cell membranes)

-amphipathic

-nonpolar/hydrophobic tails pack together

-polar/hydrophilic heads interact with water

Polymers

A large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers

Polysaccharides

A macromolecule composed of many monosaccharides

(poly=many)

Primary structure

The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein

proteins

polymers of amino acids

quaternary structure

results from multiple protein subunits that bind together in a large protein complex

Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acid in which all the bonds between carbons are single bonds

• all the bonds are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms

Secondary structure

In a protein, regular spatial patterns

Tertiary structure

results in the 3D shape of a protein (overall shape of protein)

Triglycerides

Simple lipids; contain 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

• called "fats" when solid @ room temp

• called "oils" when liquid @ room temp

Unsaturated fatty acid

Fatty acid which has one or more double bonds