Neuroanatomy & neurophysiology for speech-language pathology

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

What is the CNS responsible for?

Processing, integration, and initiating responses

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

cranial and spinal nerves

What is the PNS subdiveded into

Somatic and Autonomic

Somatic

voluntary skeletal muscles

Autonomic

involuntary control of smooth muscle, glands, and viscera

What does the Automatic nervous system (ANS) contain?

Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division

sympathetic division

fight, flight, or fear reponse

Parasympathetic division

rest and digest

Spinal cord function

Transmits signals between brain and body.

Foramen magnum

the hole in the base of the skull that the spinal cord passed through

cervical and lumbar enlargements

sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge.

conus medullaris

end of spinal cord

cauda equina

"horse's tail", a fan of nerve fibers below the spinal cord

filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

meningeal layers

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (DAP)

What does the pia mater adhere to directly?

Spinal cord

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

frontal lobe

primary motor cortex (area 4), premotor areas for planning and initiation (areas 6-8), executive functions, personality, speech (broca's)

Parietal lobe

primary somatosensory cortex (areas 3, 1, 2), spatial awareness, constructional tasks(building, drawing, etc.)

somatosensory cortex

area of the parietal lobes that processes touch, temperature, pain, and pressure

temporal lobe

auditory processing, wernicke's area (area 22), memory (hippocampus), emotion (amygdala)

occipital lobe

vision (area 17), visual recognition (area 18-19)

Lateralization and specilization

the brain's left and right sides do different jobs

left hemisphere

language, analytical reasoning, sequential processing

right hemisphere

pragmatics, prosody, visual-spatial functions, environmental orientation.

planum temporale

is involved in language processing and is also studied in relation to developmental disorders like dyslexia (larger on left)

Each hemisphere controls the _________ side.

opposite

topographical representation

specific cortical areas map to specific body regions

functional networking

specialized yet integrated systems

dorsal pathways

convey sensory information (touch)

ventral pathways

"what pathways"from occipital to temporal lobe, identifying objects

ventral horn

motor neurons

dorsal horn

sensory input

Where are the sensory neuron cell bodies located?

dorsal root ganglia

dermatomes

an area of the skin supplied by nerves from specific spinal root

Dendrites

receive signal

axon hillock

initiates action potential

axon terminals

release neurotransmitters

schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS

Oligodendrocytes

produce myelin in CNS

myelin

enables saltatory conduction

Nodes of Ranvier

facilitate action potential propagation

Resting Membrane Potential

depends on high K+ inside and high Na+ outside

irritability

ability to respond to a stimulus and generate impulse

Conductivity

ability to transmit impulses

absolute refractory period

(8 ms) neuron cannot refire

Exocytosis

vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

postsynaptic bonding

generates excitatory or inhibitory effects

Neurotransmitters diffuse and bind to what>

postsynaptic receptors, altering ion channels

neuroplasticity

Brain's ability to reorganize after injury.

Hebbian learning

repeated motor/swallowing tasks strengthen synaptic efficacy

limbic system

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, fusiform gyrus

Amygdala

fear and agression

Hippocampus

memory consolidation

cingulate gyrus, thalamus, fusiform gyrus

emotion and recognition

dorsal pathway (where)

spatial location

ventral pathway (what)

object and face recognition

tactile agnosia

failure to recognize objects by touch

hemineglect

non-dominant inferior parietal lesion

Prosopagnosia

face recognition deficits

contralateral

opposite side

Ipsilateral

same side

pseudounipolar neuron

The cell body is off to one side of the axon

bipolar neuron

one axon and one dendrite

mulitpolar neuron

a nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon

saltatory conduction

the jumping of action potentials from node to node