EXAM 2

Alcohol sugars/non-sugar sweeteners

Examples include sorbitol, xylitol, and erythritol, used as low-calorie sweeteners.

Non-sugar sweetener with warning for PKU

Aspartame.

Amylose and amylopectin

Forms of starch; amylose is a straight chain, while amylopectin is branched.

Type I Diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes, usually diagnosed in children/young adults.

Type II Diabetes

Insulin resistance diabetes, often linked to obesity.

Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes

Includes excessive thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, blurred vision.

Insulin

Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

Diet Guidelines for Diabetes

Includes low-carb, balanced meals, regular meals, and fiber-rich foods.

Complete Proteins

Contain all 9 essential amino acids, e.g., meat and eggs.

Incomplete Proteins

Lack one or more essential amino acids, e.g., beans and nuts.

Pepsinogen

Inactive form of pepsin, an enzyme that helps digest protein in the stomach.

Bond connecting sugar units

Glycosidic bond.

Monosaccharide

A single sugar unit.

Disaccharide

Two sugar units.

Soluble Fiber

Dissolves in water and helps lower cholesterol.

Insoluble Fiber

Does not dissolve in water and helps with digestion.

Glycemic Response

How quickly blood sugar rises after eating carbohydrates.

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Includes smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, and poor diet.

Symptoms of Heart Attack

Chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating.

Hydrogenation

Process that turns unsaturated fats into saturated fats, creating trans fats.