BIO220 Unit 6/Final

Fungemia =

= an infection by fungi of the brain, kidneys, and other organs

Mycotoxicoses =

= Fungal toxins usually caused by ingesting or inhaling fungal spores (toxins)

Mycoses =

= fungal infections caused by true fungal pathogens and opportunistic pathogens

Dermatophytoses =

= (ringworm and tinea) fungal infections strictly confined to keratinized epidermis of skin, hair, nails

Pneumocystis pneumonia =

= the most prominent opportunistic fungal infection in AIDS patients that forms secretions in the lungs that block breathing and can be fatal

Aflatoxin =

= a fungal toxin that is carcinogenic and found commonly in grains, corn, peanuts; lethal to poultry, livestock, and humans

Thermal dimorphism =

= These fungal organisms grow as molds at 30°C and as yeasts at 37°C

Candida albicans =

= Forms an off-white, pasty colony with a yeasty odor; thrush

Subcutaneous mycoses =

= occur after a puncture wound has introduced a fungus deeper into the hypodermis

Vulvovaginal infection =

= a painful inflammatory condition of the female genital region that causes ulceration and discharge of yeast by-product

tinea cruris =

= Ringworm of groin/"jock itch"

Opportunistic fungal pathogen =

= fungi with little or no virulence except when host defenses must be impaired; a medical concern because they account for 10% of all nosocomial infections

tinea pedis =

= Ringworm of foot/ "athlete's foot"

tinea capitis =

= Ringworm of scalp

Cutaneous mycoses =

= involve fungal infections of the stratum corneum and occasionally the upper dermis

Cryptococcus =

= a common opportunistic fungal encapsulated yeast pathogen that inhabits soil around pigeon roosts

Systemic mycoses =

= the fungus disseminates from the lungs or other sites into the circulation throughout the body

tinea unguium =

= Ringworm of nails

Superficial mycoses =

= consist of extremely shallow epidermal colonizations of fungi

Helminths =

= worms

Trichomonas =

= inhabits the human urogenital tract; a top STD that produces a thin, "milky" discharge in males and a foul-smelling, green-to-yellow discharge in females

Leishmaniasis =

= a zoonosis transmitted among mammalian hosts by female sand flies that require a blood meal to produce eggs; can be cutaneous with a localized ulcerated sore, chronic, or systemic with high, intermittent fever and weight loss, enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes

trophozoite =

= the active feeding cell

Plasmodium =

= (Malaria) an obligate intracellular sporozoa found in female Anopheles mosquito saliva; a feeding mosquito introduce the sporozoa into the host and invade the liver cells, enter the circulation and invade red blood cells; symptoms include episodes of chills-fever-sweating, anemia, and organ enlargement; use of quinine drugs

Giardia =

= a protozoan ingested with water and food where cysts enter duodenum, germinate, travel to jejunum to feed and multiply; severe diarrhea, and abdominal pain; reservoirs include beavers, cattle, coyotes, cats, and humans

cyst =

= a resting or dormant stage of a protist that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions

Toxoplasma gondii =

= an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that lives naturally in cats that harbor oocysts in their GI tract; acquired by ingesting raw meats or substances contaminated by cat feces like a cat litter box

Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba =

= found in standing water; agent of acute meningoencephalitis through nasal contact with water or traumatic eye damage; arrival in the brain is usually fatal

Hemoflagellates =

= Obligate parasites that live in blood and tissues of the human host and cause life-threatening and debilitating zoonoses; spread by blood-sucking insects that serve as intermediate hosts

Entamoeba histolytica =

= Humans are the primary hosts where cysts are swallowed and arrive at the small intestine and digestive juices stimulate the release of four trophozoites which attach, multiply, actively move about and feed in the intestines; may secrete enzymes that dissolve tissues and penetrate deeper layers of the mucosa causing dysentery, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, and weight loss

Protozoa =

= Single-celled, animal-like microbes, most having some form of motility (unicellular "animal-like" organisms)

Trypanosoma cruzi =

= (Chagas disease) the vector is the Reduviid bug ("kissing bug") where its feces are inoculated into a cutaneous area to produce a local lesion (usually around the face), fever, and swelling of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver; systemic spread to heart muscle and large intestine

Cryptosporidium =

= Causes an intestinal disease due to contaminated water where ingestion of oocysts gives rise to an infective form that penetrate intestinal cells; Causes gastroenteritis, headache, sweating, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

Trypanosoma brucei =

= (African sleeping sickness) spread by tsetse flies that inoculates the skin with infective stage, multiplies in blood and damages spleen, lymph nodes, and brain; can cause (CNS) damage and progressive symptoms are sleep disturbances, tremors, paralysis, and coma/death

Cestodes =

= (Tapeworms) Long, very thin, ribbonlike bodies composed of sacs (proglottids) and a scolex that grips the intestine; each proglottid is an independent unit adapted to absorbing food, and making and releasing eggs

Taenia solium =

= Pork tapeworm ingesting encysted larvae or eggs larva that migrate to all tissues and encystMost damaging if they lodge in the heart, eye, or brain

Ascaris lumbricoides =

= A large intestinal roundworm mostly in the southeastern US; ingested eggs hatch into larvae and burrow through the intestine into circulation and travel to the lungs and pharynx and are swallowed back for the adult worms to complete the cycle in intestines and reproduce around 200,000 eggs/day

definitive host =

= the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place

Trichinella spiralis

=

= Larvae are encysted in animal muscle where cysts hatch and mature in the intestinal lining forming new larvae that burrow through the intestine and enter the circulation and form cysts in skeletal muscle; acquired from eating undercooked pork or bear meat; larvae migrate from intestine to blood vessels, muscle, heart, and brain, where it forms cysts; symptoms are flu-like, with diarrhea and muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, pronounced eosinophilia

intermediate host =

= a host which is normally used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle and in which it may multiply asexually but not sexually

Wucherereia bancrofti =

= Filarial worms spread by mosquito vectors that deposit larvae which move into lymphatics and develop into adults where chronic infection causes blockage of lymphatic circulation and elephantiasis

Trematodes =

= (Flukes) Flatworms with ovoid, leaf-like bodies; snails or fish are usually the intermediate hosts with humans being the definitive hosts

Taenia saginata =

= Beef tapeworm Very large, up to 2,000 proglottids eating raw beef in which the larval form has encysted; symptoms are vague abdominal pain and nausea or noticeable proglottids seen in stool

Nematodes =

= Roundworms

Hepatitis B virus =

= Multiplies exclusively in the liver, which continuously seeds blood with new viruses; infection from blood and body fluids especially sexually transmitted (homosexuals and drug addicts) and health care workers; risk of liver cancer and produces hepatitis in humans.

Hepatitis E virus =

= Newly identified virus; infection from contaminated food by feces.

Hepatitis =

= an inflammatory disease of liver cells that may result from infection by several different viruses that interfere with the liver's excretion of bile pigments, bilirubin accumulates in blood and tissues causing jaundice.

Latent infections =

= a dormant phase where the virus becomes a prophage; generally not detectable and can reactivate and result in recurrent infections.

Necrosis =

= the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.

Chronic infections =

= the virus is detectable in tissue samples, multiplying at a slow rate; symptoms are mild or absent.

Viruses =

= Smallest non-cellular parasites with the simplest biological structure with only a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid); presence or absence of envelope; considered an obligate intracellular parasite because it enters a cell, instructs its genetic and molecular machinery to produce and release new viruses.

Cirrhosis =

= a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as chronic hepatitis.

Hepatitis A virus =

= infection from contaminated food like oysters and other foods from third- world countries; least virulent form.

Virulent =

= a virus in their lytic cycle where viral infections have rapid course and are causing disease.

Exudate =

= a mass of cells and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ

Papilloma =

= a squamous epithelial growth, wart, or verruca caused by 100 different strains of HPV.

Prophage =

= A viral form that enters a dormant phase generally not detectable but can reactivate and result in recurrent infections

Herpes simplex 2 =

= causes genital infections

Adenoviruses =

= a non-enveloped, dsDNA virus that infects lymphoid tissue, respiratory and intestinal epithelia and conjunctiva; it's spread by respiratory and ocular secretions to cause colds, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and acute hemorrhagic cystitis.

Herpesvirus 3 =

= the varicella-zoster virus that causes chickenpox and shingles

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) =

= a small, non-enveloped dsDNA virus that causes persistent infections and tumors; it's transmissible through direct contact or contaminated fomites; common cause of warts, but also increase the risk for developing reproductive cancer and metastatic tumors.

Herpesvirus 5 =

= the cytomegalovirus (CMV) that infects the salivary glands and other viscera with production of giant cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions; it's transmitted in saliva, respiratory mucus, milk, urine, semen, cervical secretions

Varicella virus =

= cause of chickenpox with characteristic vesicles forming on skin once infected, the virus enters neurons of spinal nerves and remains dormant.

Poxviruses =

= enveloped DNA viruses that produce eruptive skin pustules that leave scars; Largest and most complex animal viruses with the largest genome; there is specificity for cytoplasm of epidermal cells and subcutaneous connective tissues.

Herpesvirus 4 =

= known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated with infection of the lymphoid tissue Transmission - direct, oral contact and contamination with saliva • In industrialized countries, college-age population is vulnerable to infectious mononucleosis ("mono" or "kissing disease")

Herpes simplex 1 =

= produces fever blisters

Herpes zoster =

= cause of shingles; dermatomes in the skin are involved where the once dormant virus infects and follows each spinal nerve and dermatome; common in older patients.

Smallpox =

= Exposure through inhalation or skin contact with associated fever, malaise, and a rash; has two forms; was the first disease to be eliminated by vaccination (in U.S. in 1972).

Erythema infectiosum =

= a human Parvovirus that causes fifth disease or "slapped-cheek" syndrome; children may have fever and a rash on cheeks; it cannot replicate in host cells without the adenovirus.

Coxsackieviruses =

Coxsackieviruses known as "hand-foot-mouth" disease; Responsible for respiratory infections and conjunctivitis (viral "pink eye").

Rabies =

= Lyssavirus that is an enveloped, bullet-shaped slow and progressive zoonotic disease; primary reservoirs are wild mammals where the virus enters through a bite, multiplies, then enters nerve endings and advances toward the ganglia, spinal cord and brain; Infection cycle completed when virus replicates in the salivary glands of the victim.

Poliovirus =

= a naked capsid virus that is resistant to acid, bile, and detergents and can survive stomach acids when ingested; worldwide vaccination programs have reduced the number of cases and eradication is expected until an unknown, rogue strain was seen in Summer 2018.

Hepatitis C =

= Acquired through blood contact with blood transfusions, needle sharing by drug abusers; possible severe symptoms without permanent liver damage, but common to have chronic liver disease and hepatic cancer.

Respiratory Syncytia Virus-RSV =

= Respiratory transmission where the envelope of the virus has glycoprotein and F spikes that initiate cell-to-cell fusion with neighboring cells and multinucleate giant cells form in the upper respiratory tract; infection in children 6 months or younger.

Morbillivirus (Rubeola) =

= aka-red measles; Very contagious and transmitted by respiratory aerosols where the virus invades the mucosal lining of respiratory tract; presents with sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever and Koplik's spots orally and red maculopapulas that cover most of the body.

Retrovirus =

= Encode reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme which makes a double stranded DNAfrom the single-stranded RNA genome Viral genes permanently integrated into host DNA; EX- HIV.

Paramyxovirus (mumps virus) =

Paramyxovirus (mumps virus) presents with fever, muscle pain and malaise, classic swelling of one or both cheeks associated with painful swelling of parotid salivary glands; in adult males, the epididymis and testes become infected and may lead to sterility.

Rubella =

= AKA German measles; a ssRNA with a loose envelope that affects adolescents and young adults; transmitted through contact with respiratory secretions with no specific treatment available.

Influenza =

= this virus attaches to, and multiplies in cells of the respiratory tract where segments of RNA enter the nucleus and new viruses are assembled and bud off the cell; symptoms are fever, headache, myalgia, pharyngeal pain, shortness of breath, coughing.

Rhinovirus =

= virus associated with the common cold; acquired from contaminated hands and fomites; presents with headache, chills, fatigue, sore throat, cough, nasal drainage; Handwashing and care in handling nasal secretions are important.

Reverse transcriptase =

= an enzyme that makes a DNA copy from a strand of RNA.

Rotavirus =

= an unusual virus with a double-stranded RNA genome; primary viral cause of mortality resulting from diarrhea in infants and children.

Arboviruses =

= Viruses spread by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and gnats; some may cause severe encephalitis, others life-threatening hemorrhagic fever. Acute infection may result in mild fever with rash and no long-term effects other symptoms are fever, headache, myalgia, joint stiffness, rash.

Reovirus =

= an unusual virus with a double-stranded RNA genome; symptoms are cold-like upper respiratory infections.

Influenza A =

= the most virulent strand that usually infect birds underwent an antigenic shift and began to infect humans; Acute, highly contagious virus that binds to ciliated cells of respiratory mucosa and presents with severe inflammation and secondary bacterial infections like pneumonia.

Chikungunya virus =

= infections in usually occur in the Caribbean; presents with fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea and vomiting, and occasionally a rash.

Exanthem =

= associated characteristic red maculopapula of Rubeola that cover most of the body; they erupt on the head, progressing to trunk and extremities.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) =

= emerged in early 1980s and presented with severe pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii and a rare cancer called Kaposi sarcoma; a general loss of immune function; transmitted mainly through sexual intercourse and transfer of blood or blood products or babies infected before or during birth, and from breast feeding.

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) =

= transmitted to humans in Eastern U.S. and Canada by the bite of an infected mosquito only a few cases are reported each year.

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) =

= in humans it is called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD); in animals (mad cow disease); forms holes in brain tissue like "Swiss cheese" with no treatment available and death of patients inevitable.

Yellow fever =

= transmission between humans and mosquitoes or forest monkeys in South America; presents with acute fever, headache, muscle pain, progressing to oral hemorrhage, nosebleed, vomiting, jaundice, and liver and kidney damage; has a high mortality rate; considered to be eliminated in the U.S

Prions =

= A misfolded protein believed to be picked up in nature; highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, and heat (can withstand autoclaving); Responsible for vacuoles and abnormal fibers forming in brain of a host; Cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

Antigenic drift =

= a constant mutation in viruses where they gradually change their amino acid composition over time.

Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses HTLV-1 =

= a disease of the white blood cell forming elements in bone marrow with easy bruising or bleeding, paleness, fatigue, and recurring minor infections, anemia, platelet deficiency, and immune dysfunction brought about by the disturbed lymphocyte ratio and function; EX- adult T-cell leukemia.

Zika virus =

= transmitted to humans by mosquitoes; presents with birth defects if mother infected during pregnancy, and sexual contact with infected person; causes microencephalopathy.

Antigenic shift =

= one of the genes or RNA strands in a virus is substituted with a gene or strand from another influenza virus from a different animal host.

Clinical phases of rabies =

= Prodromal phase - fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue; some experiencepain, burning, tingling sensations at site of wound- Furious phase - agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia- Dumb phase - paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous- Progress to coma phase, resulting in death Treatment - an inactivated vaccine given in 6 doses with 2 boosters

West Nile Virus =

= transferred to humans by mosquitoes infected by birds blood; some show no symptoms, others encephalitis or meningitis.

Dengue fever =

= a flavivirus carried by Aedes mosquito; usually mild infection but can lead to hemorrhagic shock syndrome (aka-"break bone" fever) with extreme muscle and joint pain; can be fatal.

Which of these happen(s) in the case of antigenic shift in influenza A?
A. Single mutations in hemagglutinin
B. Recombination of RNA segments between bird and human strains
C. Change from influenza A to influenza B
D. Both A and B

Answer: B