The Roman Empire

What were the two big questions after the fall of the Republic?

What type of government and who should run it

Brutus and Cassius regretted killing Caesar, T or F?

False, they defended it

What did Brutus and Cassius demand of from everyone exiled by Caesar?

To return (Sextus Pompey returned - Pompey's son)

Who did Brutus and Cassius want on their side "for the people of Rome"?

Mark Antony

The senate was divided, T or F?

True

Mark Antony pardoned the conspirators and had a public burial for Caesar, T or F?

True - As consul he could make this happen

What document did Mark Antony read at Caesar's funeral?

His will

What did Mark Antony read in Caesar's will?

1. Private gardens made public
2. Gave every Roman two months of wages

Mark Antony also brought out what object?

A bloody toga and wax replica of Caesar's body with the 23 stab wounds

What was the response to the toga and wax figure?

1. The people turned on the conspirators
2. Burned down the Senate Chambers
3. The conspirators were hunted down (some fled, hid, and died)
4. Brutus and Cassius retired to the country home and were never in politics again (suicided)

Antony was now the dictator of Rome, T or F?

False, he was just another consul

Who did Caesar name his successor?

Octavian

How was Octavian related to Caesar?

Grandson of Caesar's sister

Caesar adopted Octavian in his will, T or F?

True

Who did Octavian have support from?

The people and Caesar's army

Who was threatened as a result?

Mark Antony (Him v.s. Octavian and the Senate)

Where did Antony go after his consulship was over?

Gaul

What Senate member sides with Octavian?

Cicero

Antony was now an outlaw of Rome, T or F?

True

The Senate and Octavian defeat Antony and demand what of Octavian?

To give up his army (says no)

What is Octavian's response after he says no?

To side with Antony and march on Rome

When was the Second Triumvirate established?

43 BC (ended in 33 BC)

Who were the three people who made up the Second Triumvirate?

Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus

Similar to the First Triumvirate, the Second was not official, but de facto, T or F?

False, it was an official government institution

All three men became _______, had full _______ in Rome, and ______ all their enemies to take their _______

Consuls, power, killed, and money

Who and in what year made a big military mistake?

Lepidus and 33 BC

What was Octavian's response to Lepidus's mistake?

He was dismissed for the Triumvirate

After he was dismissed, what occurred between Antony and Octavian and why?

Civil War: Antony (East) and Octavian (West) both thought they were heirs to Caesar's Kingdom

What did Antony do in response and why was it controversial?

He sought out powerful allies like Cleopatra and married her, however, he was still married to Octavian's sister, Octavia

What did Octavian do with this information?

Used it as propaganda against Antony

Who did Octavian eventually declare war on?

Cleopatra (wanted to fight Antony, but did not want to cause a civil war)

What was the Battle of Actium?

A battle between Mark Antony, Cleopatra (VII), and Egypt and Octavian and Rome (31 BC).

Who won the battle and what was the response?

Octavian and Rome was now his

What was the big question Octavian had once he became the first emperor of Rome?

Monarchy or Republic (Ended up choosing the Republic to preserve it)

What did Octavian call himself?

Princeps (first citizen and title for Head of the Senate) instead of Rex (King)

What did Octavian change his name to, and what does it mean?

Augustus, and it means great or majestic

Octavian had a role in pretty much every part of government (Consul, Tribune, Censor, and so on) but did not call himself what?

Emperor

What did Octavian do as emperor?

1. Expanded Roman borders
2. Marked beginning of Rax Romana (Roman Peace)
3. Created interesting objects such as public works (Pantheon) and great literature (Virgil's, Aeneid)
4. Pericles of Rome

Describe Tiberius (14-37 AD)

1. One of Augustus' sons (not his first choice)
2. Cruel but economically strong tyrant
3. Emperor when Jesus was crucified

Describe Caligula (37-41 AD)

1. Made horse consul
2. Adopted son of Tiberius
3. The name means little boots
4. Everyone loved him at first, then became an arrogant and spoiled tyrant
5. Killed many senators, careless with money, war on Poseidon/Neptune, and overall crazy
6. Assassinated

Claudius (41-54 AD)

1. Caligula's Uncle
2. Overall good emperor

Nero (54-68 AD)

1. Adopted by Claudius
2. Great artist, bad emperor
3. Started a massive Roman fire (rumored to have played music during it)
4. Built himself a massive palace where the fire cleared the curious
5. People hated him and he killed himself

When was the year of the four emperors?

69 AD

Who were the five good emperors?

1. Nerva (96-98 AD): Stability after assassination
2. Trajan (98-117 AD): First Non-Italian Emperor (Spanish) and expanded the borders into Mesopotamia/Persia
3. Hadrian (117-138 AD): Created defensive borders to protect Rome (Wall in Britannia)
4. Antoninus Pius (138-161 AD): Peace and prosperity
5. Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD): Defended Rome against major Barbarian threats, wrote Meditations (stoic philosophy), and his death marked the end of the Pax Romana (died while in campaign)

When was the Flavian Dynasty?

69-96 AD (After four emperors and before Nerva)

What were the events in Commodus' life (Marcus Aurelius' Son)?

1. Ruined economy
2. Paranoid
3. Senate hated him
4. Strangled in bathtub
5. Overall bad emperor

What occurred after Commodus' death?

1. No named successor
2. Sent Rome into chaos
3. Many people fighting over the emperor
4. The 200 ADs were a time of chaos for Rome
5. END OF PAX ROMANA

How many emperors were there in 50 years?

22

List the three breakaway empires.

1. Gallic Empire
2. Roman Empire
3. Palmyrene Empire

What were the causes of crisis during the third century?

1. Attacks from Barbarians (German Tribes) - Good fighters since they were tied to Rome
2. Civil wars about who should be the next emperor
3. Inflation (Tough to make things in times of extreme chaos)
4. Repeat of problems during the end of the empire

What was started in 293 AD?

Tetrarchy - Caesar's take over once Augustus' die
Diocletian East (Augustus), Galerius (Caesar)
Friend of Diocletian, Maximian West (Augustus) and Constantius (Caesar)

Diocletian's government was not perfect, and who took over when Constantine died?

Constantine's son, Constantine (Emperor of West)

What was the edict of Milan?

It was a policy under Constantine that called for tolerance for Christianity and all religions in Rome

Licinius (Emperor of the East), at first, agreed but then turned on his word and started persecuting the Christians again, starting what?

A war between the two powers

Who won the war between Constantine and Licinius?

Constantine - Became the sole emperor

What was Constantine known for (5)?

1. Supported Christianity
2. New Capitol: Constantinople (Protection: From Croatia and might have been better for Rome)
3. Created stability for fifty years
4. Edict of Milan
5. Council of Nicaea (325 AD)

What was the big picture of the Tetrarchy?

Constantine and Diocletian helped slow the fall of the Empire, but not external threats

The Huns were attacking the Goths, so what did the Goths ask of the Romans?

They asked if they could stay in the Empire

Emperor Valens (364-378 AD) allowed them to live in Rome, but they were not treated well in the provinces and killed the Goth leaders, T or F?

True

What did the Goths do in response?

Revolted and led to a two-year period where no side could take control (Led to the Battle of Adrianople - 378 AD).

What were the results of the Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378 AD)?

1. Goth Victory
2. Changed the character of the empire (Barbarians can win, and both thought Rome could not be beaten)
3. Still Goths in the Empire (Disgrunted outsiders inside Rome)

In the next century, the Goths and others created havoc and what happened to Rome?

Vandals entered without much opposition and, in 455 AD, and sacked Rome

Who was the last emperor of Rome?

Romulus Augustulus

When was the fall of the Roman Empire?

476 AD

What power emerged after the Roman Empire?

The Byzantine Empire