A&P Unit 1

Purdue University BIOL 20300 (absolute hell)

telophase

daughter chromatids cluster on opposite sides, rough er produces nuclear envelope, cleavage furrow

cytokenisis

division of cytoplasm

basic steps of DNA replication

dna helicase unzips dna, dna polymerase reads both dna strands and makes complimentary strands, new dna wraps around histones to make new nucleosomes

palpation

feeling a structure with your hands

auscultation

listening to the body

characteristics of life

organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, evolution

define homeostasis

the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby **maintain relatively stable internal conditions**

negative feedback

changes away from homeostasis trigger a reaction in the opposite direction

components of negative feedback

receptor (sense change), integrating center (control center), effector (cell that carries out correction)

positive feedback

self-amplifying cycle, produces rapid change

ionization

transfer of electrons

nonpolar

electrons shared equally, no partial charge

polar

electrons shared unequally, molecule has slight positive or negative charge

van der waals forces

weak attraction between neutral atoms

mixture

substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

cohesion

water molecules cling to one another

adhesion

water molecules cling to other molecules

water characteristics

solvency, cohesion, adhesion, chemical reactivity, thermal stability

acid

proton donor, releases H+

base

proton acceptor, accepts H+ or releases OH-

potential energy

contained energy, not doing work

kinetic energy

energy of motion

chemical energy

energy stored in bonds of molecules

catabolism

energy releasing reaction, decomposition

anabolism

energy storing, synthesis

oxidation

when a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

reduction

when a molecule gains electrons and energy

dehydration synthesis

hydroxyl group (-OH) from one molecule and hydrogen atom (-H) from another molecule are removed, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between two molecules and the release of a water molecule. This process is essential for building macromolecules.

hydrolysis

a compound is broken down by the addition of water. commonly used in digestion and metabolism.

glycogen

the main storage form of glucose in animals, including humans. primarily stored in the liver and muscles. broken down into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis.

starch

serves as a storage form of energy in plants. broken down by enzymes in the body to release glucose, which is then used as a source of energy.

cellulose

main structural component of plant cell walls. important dietary fiber for humans and animals.

glycolipids

a carbohydrate group attached to a lipid component. play important roles in cell recognition, signaling, and cell adhesion.

glycoprotein

proteins that have carbohydrate chains attached to them. play various roles in the structure and function of the protein. commonly found on the surface of cells and are involved in cell recognition, cell signaling, and immune responses.

proteoglycans

type of glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix of animal tissues. play important roles in maintaining tissue structure, regulating cell signaling, and providing lubrication and shock absorption in joints.

ecosanoid

type of bioactive lipid molecule. plays a role in various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune response, and blood clotting.

cofactor

inorganic molecules that help reactants sit in active sight of enzyme

coenzyme

help bind reactant and action sight

what functional groups are in carbohydrates

carbonyl, hydroxyl

what functional groups are in lipids

phosphate, carboxyl, hydroxyl, alcohol

what functional groups are in proteins

amino, carboxyl, R-groups

what functional groups are in nucleic acids

phosphate, sugar

peripheral proteins

sit and chill on top of the phospholipid bilayer

ligand gated channels

protein channels that respond to chemical messengers

voltage gated channels

protein channels that respond to electrical impulse

glycoxalyx function

allows body to distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy/non self cells

filtration

physical pressure pushes fluid through the membrane

why are diffusion rates important?

they determine how quickly a cell can get nutrients or get rid of waste

hypotonic solution

has low solute level, will make cells explode/lyse

hypertonic solution

has high solute, will cause cells to shrivle

carrier mediated transport

carrier proteins bind to specific molecules or ions and undergo changes to facilitate their transport across the membrane.

uniport protein

transports only one molecule across the plasma membrane

symport protein

moves solutes in one direction across the plasma membrane

antiport protein

facilitates the transport of two different molecules or ions across a cell membrane in opposite directions

primary active transport

a carrier protein moves a substance up a cells concentration gradient with help from atp

secondary active transport

the transport of a solute in the direction of its increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute

microfilaments

made of actin, concentrated in terminal web, smallest “strings” in the cell

microtubules

radiate from centrosome, roads for motor proteins carrying things across the cell, guide chromosomes during cell division, form basis of cilia, largest “strings” in the cell

rough endoplasmic reticulum

makes phospholipids and proteins for plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

detoxification, makes steroids, stores calcium

golgi complex

synthesizes carbohydrates, sorts proteins, intracellular transport (cell UPS center)

lysosomes

hydrolyze substances, digest and dispose of waste and recycle nutrients

peroxisomes

use O2 to oxidize organic molecules

proteasomes

protein disposal, recycles amino acids

pyrimidines

have one carbon-nitrogen ring, cytosine and thymine

purines

have two carbon-nitrogen rings, adenine and guanine

basic steps of transcription

rna polymerase unzips dna to code for rna, alternative splicing occurrs

basic steps of translation

tRNA uses mRNA information to build a polypeptide chain, initiation, elongation, and termination happens

how can genes be regulated

splicing introns, microRNA, controlling mRNA passage through nucleus, regulate initiation of transcription

G1

cell grows and synthesizes proteins

S

DNA replication happens

G2

cell synthesizes enzymes that control cell division

Prophase

chromosomes shorten and thicken, nuclear envelope degenerates

metaphase

chromosomes line up in middle of cell, microtubules reach out and latch to kinetochore

anaphase

chromatids are pulled apart

tumor supressor gene

slow down cell growth

proto oncogenes

accelerate cell division

ground substance

medium from which all cells obtain their oxygen, nutrients, and other needs

basement membrane

anchor epithelium to connective tissue below, made of collagen, reticular proteins, and glycoproteins

basal surface

faces towards internal cavity of organ

simple squamous function

rapid diffusion of substances through membrane

simple coboidal function

absorption and secretion

simple columnar

absorption

pseudostratified columnar

secretes and propels mucous

goblet cells

produce protective mucous coat over mucous membrane

keratinized stratified squamous function

resists abrasion and protects body from pathogens

stratified cuboidal function

secretion of sweat, ovarian hormones, and sperm

urothelium

stretches to allow filling of urinary tract, these cells are only found in the urinary tract and bladder

fibroblasts

produce fibers and ground substance that forms tissue matrix

microphages

eat/destroy bacteria, other foreign particles, dead cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

what are adipose tissue made of

fat cells, adipocytes

adipose tissue function

energy storage, thermal insulation

fibrocartilage function

resist compression, absorb shock

hyaline cartilage function

eases joint movement

elastic cartilage function

flexible support

erythrocytes

red blood cells, transport O2 and CO2

tight junctions

plasma membranes are linked by cell-adhesion proteins so substances can not pass between cells

desmosomes

keep cells from pulling apart, but substances are able to pass between them

gap junctions

six membrane proteins arranged in a ring let substances pass between cells