Urinary System Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for the urinary system, covering anatomy, physiology, and related concepts.

Major Functions of the Kidney

Regulation of blood ionic composition, blood volume, blood pressure, and blood pH, and is also responsible for the formation of a new glucose molecule.

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of a new glucose molecule.

Urea

A waste product normally excreted by the kidneys.

Fibrous Capsule

Smooth, transparent dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter.

Renal Columns

The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids.

Blood Flow Through the Kidneys

Renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate artery > afferent glomerular arterioles > glomerular capillaries > efferent glomerular arterioles > peritubular capillaries > cortical radiate veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > renal vein

Filtrate Flow

Glomerular capsule > proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) > nephron loop > distal convoluted tubule (DCT) > collecting duct

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

The structure of the nephron that reabsorbs the most substances.

Renal Corpuscle

The structure of the nephron that filters blood.

Reabsorption

The return of substances into the bloodstream from the filtrate.

Secretion

A process in a nephron that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate.

Filtration Membrane

Glomerular capillaries and podocytes together.

Myogenic Mechanism

Occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in the afferent glomerular arterioles.

Transcellular Reabsorption

The passage of a substance from the tubular lumen through the apical membrane, across the cytosol, and then into the interstitial fluid.

Filtered Water

The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb approximately 65% of this.

Renal Medulla

Urea recycling can cause a buildup of urea in the.

Increase of pH

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) increase of blood pH.

Increase of Sodium Ion

Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) increase of blood sodium ion.

Urinalysis

An analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.

Total Volume of Urine

Water accounts for approximately 95% of this.

Plasma Creatinine

A test to measure kidney function.

Ureter

Transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Lamina Propria

A layer in the wall of the ureter composed of areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

internal urethral orifice

This lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the urinary bladder.

A

This lies deep to the peritoneum on the anterior surface of the kidneys.

B

The main function of the is to protect the kidney from trauma and hold it in place within the abdominal cavity.

A

This structure can be divided into the cortical zone and the juxtamedullary zone.

K

Each kidney can have anywhere from 8 to 18 of these.

F

This structure is the apex of a renal pyramid.

J

Urine formed by the nephrons first drains into these.

A and B

Two structures that comprise the renal corpuscle?

D

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

H

Where is the arcuate vein located?

L

Ascending limb of the nephron loop?

J

Corticomedullary junction?

N

Papillary duct?

Collecting duct

Structure that line “M” points to.

Efferent glomerular arteriole

Structure that line “C” points to.

Fenestration

Structure that line “A” points to.

Pedicel

Structure that line “B” points to.

Filtration slit

Structure that line “C” points to..

Basement membrane

Structure that line “D” points to.

Nephroptosis

Rapid weight loss can result in this.

Glomerular Capsule

Blood plasma and dissolved substances with molecules that are smaller than most proteins are filtered directly into the.

Albuminuria

An increase in permeability of the filtration membrane due to disease, injury, or irritation of kidney cells manifests as.

Ketonuria

Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates manifests as.

Glucosuria

Stress manifests as.

Urobilinogenuria

Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin manifests as.

Bilirubin

This substance gives bile its major pigmentation

Casts

These are tiny masses of material, hardened in the lumen of the urinary tubule

Microbes

Candida albicans and E. coli are abnormal constituents of urine?

4.6 – 8.0

The normal pH range of urine in humans?

1-2 L / day

The normal volume of urine produced in humans?

1.001 – 1.035

The normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?

False

The parasympathetic division of the ANS regulates the flow of blood through the kidney.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

This hormone is released when the blood volume increases?

ADH

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone?

Decreases blood pressure

Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will do this to blood pressure?

Genital System

In males, both the urinary system and the use the urethra.

Renin

The kidneys release to raise blood pressure.

Urobilin

The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to , a yellow pigment.

Renal Calculi

Shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?

Renal Calculi

Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the kidneys that involves glomeruli is called

Edema

Some kidney diseases cause a change in the permeability of glomerular capillaries making them more permeable to plasma proteins which results in?

Bowman's

Another name for the glomerular capsule is capsule.

Simple cuboidal

What type of cells are found in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Liver

The primary site for metabolic recycling?

Third

Embryologically, the kidneys differentiate starting what week of development?

a) shrinking of the kidneys, b) decreased blood flow, and c) lower filtration rate

As we age, several changes take place in the urinary system including a) shrinking of the kidneys, b) decreased blood flow, and c) lower filtration rate.

Na+ /glucose symporter

In the proximal convoluted tubules, reabsorption of a nutrient such as glucose through the apical membranes occurs by?

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

Are apical membranes impermeable to water?

Sacral spinal cord

The micturition reflex is triggered by?

Early distal convoluted tubule

Parathyroid hormone increases reabsorption of calcium ion ?

300 mOsm/liter

The osmolarity of glomerular filtrate