Industrial APUSH

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Federal act which established, as national policy, the concept of a competitive marketing system by prohibiting companies from attempting to (1) monopolize and part of trade or commerce or (2) engage in contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade.

Presidential Election of 1896

William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan

Platform demanded inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 oz of silver to 1 oz of gold

McKinley wins

Coxey's Army

Founded by Jacob Coxey and Carl Browne to help the unemployed during the depression of the 1890s led to DC to demand that the federal government provide jobs and inflate the currency

Pullman Stike

1894 Pullman Company responds to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 by building a model company town for his workers near the factory in Chicago Sent federal troops saying strikers interfering with transit of the US mail 1st time US gov. used an injunction to break a strike

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Knights of Labor

one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Failed.

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Atlanta Compromise

argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Mugwumps

Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate, James Blaine.

Half-Breeds

Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

Stalwarts

Republicans in the latter half of the 19th century who opposed civil service reform. They supported the candidacy of Ulysses S. Grant or the Republican nomination in 1880 when he sought a third term for the presidency

Molly Maguires

a society for Irish miners who engaged in a violent confrontation with pennsylvania mining companies in the 19th century

Morrill Act of 1862

Gave federal land to each state and directed states to sell the and and use the proceeds to establish a college dedicated to the agricultural and mechanical arts

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Prohibition-- led by Frances Willard to stop the abuse of alcohol, joined forces with other groups in the movement for prohibition of alcohol to reduce such problems as wife abuse

Comstock Law

is a United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information

Settlement House Movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous.

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

1.) US Treasury be prepared to resume the redemption of legal tender notes in specie (gold) as of January 1, 1879

2.) Gradual steps be taken to reduce the number of greenbacks in circulation that all "paper coins" be removed from circulation and be replaced with silver coins.

Munn v. Illinois

"Granger Laws" said public always has the right to regulate the business operations in which the public has an interest; ruled against railroads

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

US vs. EC Knight

(1895) Congress wanted to bust a trust because it controled 98% of sugar manufacturing. Supreme court said no because it wasn't interstate commerce which they do have the right to regulate. Severely weakend the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Hatch Act of 1887

extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

Peik vs. Chicago

1876- Granger Laws were not in violation of the federal government's power to regulate interstate trade and commerce and that states could establish their own interstate regulations when federal laws were not present.

Industrialization's Impact on Workers

By 1880, 50% of Americans worked in agriculture became the most pronounced in US history during this period farmers lost ground depressions and recessions led to unrest

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

What Social Classes Owe to Each Other

William Graham Sumner; Take care of yourself, don't interfere with other's economic lives, forgotten men are the rich men, social classes owe nothing to each other

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

1890 law required the government to increase silver purchases sharply, but other provisions restricted its inflationary effect; its repeal in 1894 caused a political uproar

Bland-Allison Act

1873 law that required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation.

Captains of Industry/ Robber Barons

Capitalists who worked their way to the top through dishonest ways

Nouveau Riche

(new rich) someone who has risen economically/socially but lacks social skills appropriate for this new patron

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Credit Mobilier

Construction company owned by largest stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad (Stanford and Friends) UPR received government contract to build transcontinental railroad

They hired Credit Mobilier to do the work, so they basically hired themselves

Charged the federal government double
Bribed congress with stock to Credit Mobilier Largest Bribery Scandal in US history

Panic of 1873 (Crime of 1873)

1. Overproduction of railroads, mins, factories, and farm products

2. Bankers made too many risky loans-- loans went unpaid-- 15000 businesses in bankruptcy

3. Depreciation of greenbacks-- back to Gold scale

4. Over-expensive unregulated business boom during civil war

5. Economic downturn in Europe

6. Inflation

7. Railroad Strikes

--all leads to Specie Resumption Act--

Illinois v. Wabash

Reversed Peik case, said that said that trade crossed state lines and should be under authority of the federal government. Congress passed Interstate Commerce Act to regulate reasonable shipping rates.

Indian Ring

Secretary of War William Belknap was bribed into selling Inidan trading parts in Oklahoma. He was disgraced by congress so he resigned.

Pinkerton Detective Agency

One of the largest private law enforcement organizations in the world at the time; trained agents to be hired to infiltrate unions and to act as guards to keep strikers and suspected unionists our of factories; played a key role in the Homestead Strike of 1892 by acting as enforcement while Andrew Carnegie was abroad

Wobblies

Radical Union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. Worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes, stressed solidarity

Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust

Supreme court ruled that the unapportioned income taxes on interest, dividends and rents imposed by the Income Tax Act of 1894 were direct taxes and therefore unconstitutional

Tammany Hall

Boss Tweed and political machine

Crop Lien System

System of credit used in poor rural south- merchants in small country stores provided necessary goods on credit in return for a mortgage on the crop

Social Darwinism

Survival of the Fittest theory from Charles Darwin's Origin of Species

Dumbbell Tenements

apartment buildings built to minimal codes and designed to cram the largest number of people into the smallest amount of space

Jim Crow

State and local laws in US enacted between 1876 and 1965. Mandated racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Black Americans

Economic Status of the US in the late 19th Century

By 1900 US exceeded the combined output of Germany and Great Britain

Gospel of Wealth

Thesis that hard work and perseverance leads to wealth, implying poverty is a character flaw

Carnegie and Vertical Integration

Combination in one company of two or more stages of production, normally operated by separate companies

How the Other Half Lives

Jacob A. Riis's damning indictment of the dirt, disease, vice and misery of the rat-gnawed human rockeries known as the New York Slums

Haymarket Riot

-Demonstration in Haymarket Square, Chicago in may of 1886

-Began as a rally in support of striking workers

-alleged German anarchists present who urged violent overthrow of government-- dynamite bomb was thrown into crowd and killed some people

-resulted in the first full-blown red scare

-5 anarchists sentenced to death

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

The combination in one company of two or more stages os production, normally operated by separate companies. The practice of controlling every phase of production by owning the sources of raw materials and often the transportation facilities to distribute the product, it was a means of gaining a competitive edge over rival companies