APHG Vocabulary Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Flashcards

Climate

The long-term average weather conditions in an area, significantly influencing human settlement, agriculture, and resource availability.

Landforms

Natural physical features on Earth's surface (mountains, valleys, plains) that impact human settlement, transportation, and economic activities.

Water bodies

Natural or artificial collections of water (oceans, rivers, lakes) crucial for human settlement, agriculture, transportation, and economic development.

Distribution

The spatial arrangement of phenomena across Earth's surface, like population or resources, revealing patterns and processes.

Arithmetic density

Total number of people divided by total land area, indicating overall population pressure without considering land usability.

Physiological density

Total number of people divided by the amount of arable land, measuring population pressure on food-producing land.

Agricultural density

The ratio of farmers to arable land, reflecting agricultural efficiency and technology (lower density often means more mechanization).

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely without degradation, considering available resources and technology.

Population pyramid

A bar graph showing a population's age and gender structure, used to analyze and project demographic trends, birth/death rates, and dependency ratios.

Population dynamics

The study of changes in population characteristics (size, age, distribution) over time, driven by birth rates, death rates, and migration.

Demographic

Relating to the statistical study of human populations, including size, structure, density, distribution, births, deaths, and migration.

Fertility

The actual reproductive performance of a population, measured by Crude Birth Rate (CBR) or Total Fertility Rate (TFR).

Mortality

The incidence of deaths in a population, measured by Crude Death Rate (CDR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), reflecting health and quality of life.

Crude Birth rates

total live births per 1,000 people in a year, a key indicator of population growth.

Crude Death rates

total deaths per 1,000 people in a year, reflecting a population's overall health.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live, indicating development, healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation levels.

Dependency ratio

The number of dependents (under 15, over 64) per 100 working-age people (15-64), showing the economic burden on the productive population.

Rate of natural increase

The annual percentage of population growth (CBR - CDR / 10), excluding migration, reflecting organic population change.

Population-doubling time

Years for a population to double at a constant natural increase rate, approximated by dividing 70 by the RNI percentage: \frac{70}{\text{RNI}\%}.

Demographic transition model

A five-stage model describing population growth shifts due to changes in birth and death rates, influenced by industrialization and modernization.

Epidemiological transition model

A model showing changing causes of death across the DTM stages, from infectious diseases to chronic and degenerative illnesses.

Malthusian theory

Theory stating population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically, leading to scarcity unless checks (moral restraint, famine, war) intervene.

Pronatalist

Government policies or attitudes encouraging childbirth and higher fertility rates through incentives or rhetoric.

Antinatalist

Government policies or attitudes discouraging childbirth and lowering fertility rates to address overpopulation or resource strain.

Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy, significantly influencing fertility rates, family planning, and public health.

(Ernst) Ravenstein's laws of migration

Principles (1880s) describing migration patterns, primarily short distances to urban areas, driven by economic factors.

Migration

A permanent or semi-permanent change of residence, a key component of population change and cultural diffusion.

Push factors

Negative conditions compelling people to leave their homes, such as economic hardship, conflict, or environmental degradation.

Pull factors

Positive conditions attracting people to a new location, such as economic opportunities, political stability, or better services.

Intervening opportunities

A closer, more attractive alternative destination that causes a migrant to stop short of their original goal.

Intervening obstacles

Environmental or cultural features hindering migration, like physical barriers, strict laws, or financial costs.

Forced migration

Human migration where individuals have no choice but to relocate, due to natural disasters, conflict, persecution, or human trafficking.

Slavery

A system where individuals are forced to work as property, historically a major cause of forced migration with lasting impacts.

Refugees

People forced to migrate from their home country due to fear of persecution (race, religion, politics, etc.), protected under international law.

Internally displaced persons

Individuals forced to flee their homes but remaining within their own country, facing challenges similar to refugees.

Asylum seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country seeking refugee status and legal protection, awaiting official evaluation.

Voluntary migration

Human migration chosen by the individual, usually for economic improvement, education, family, or lifestyle changes.

Transnational migration

Migration across national borders where migrants maintain active ties with both their origin and destination countries, impacting cultural diffusion.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock and herders between fixed summer and winter pastures, a traditional nomadic pastoralism.

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a country's borders (e.g., rural-to-urban, inter-regional), driven by various economic and social factors.

Chain migration

Migration to a specific location because relatives or compatriots previously moved there, supported by established social networks.

Step migration

A long-distance relocation occurring in a series of smaller, less extreme movements, often from rural to progressively larger urban areas.

Guest worker

A foreign laborer allowed temporary entry for specific jobs, often sending remittances back to their home country.

Rural-to-urban migration

Movement of people from rural areas to cities, a global trend driven by search for better economic opportunities and services, leading to urbanization.