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Nation-State
An independent geographic area where people share a single government and strong cultural identity.
Origin of Nation-State
The concept of the nation-state originated between 1500-1700, particularly in England, China, and Japan.
What were the key events the developed nation-states?
Significant events leading to the development of nation-states include the Thirty Years War, the American Revolution, and the Haitian Revolution.
Westphalian System
The Thirty Years' War led to the establishment of the Westphalian System, which defined the modern nation-state.
International Rights
A nation-state, regardless of its size, possesses international rights and the ability to create its own laws.
Examples of Nation-States
The Netherlands and Switzerland are examples of recognized nation-states.
Nationalism
A strong belief in the superiority of one’s nation, which was a leading cause of World War I.
Characteristics of Nationalism
Nationalism is characterized by politics, culture, and economics.
Political Factors
A single central government establishes a national identity, as seen in the Iranian Revolution.
Cultural Similarity
People in a nation-state generally share similar cultural traits, such as religious practices, though this can sometimes be imposed.
Economic Independence
A nation-state must have financial independence and engage in international trade without relying on external powers.
Definition of State
A state is an independent government that rules over a defined area with clear boundaries.
Definition of Nation
A nation is a group of people who identify as belonging together due to shared history, culture, or language.
Otto Von Bismarck
He unified many German states into one nation-state starting in 1862, culminating in the Franco-Prussian War.
Meiji Restoration
The political revolution in 1868 that ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and established Japan as a nation-state.
What was one key factor that led to the unifications of Japan?
Japan's fear of Western imperialism led to the development of a centralized government and military.
What was a negative effect of the colonization of Korea?
Japan's annexation of Korea involved harsh treatment of Koreans, including cultural suppression.
Discrepancy
A situation where sources about a similar topic disagree.
Primary Source
A firsthand account created by someone who lived during the period, offering a limited perspective.
Reasons for Multiple Accounts
Different primary sources, varied interpretations, and differing opinions lead to the need for multiple accounts on a topic.
Colonization Challenges
European countries faced challenges in colonizing Asia due to large populations and unified nation-states like China and Japan.
England in India
England used economic strength to colonize India, establishing trading networks and exploiting internal strife.
How did England gain from India?
England gained economically from India's forced production of cash crops like cotton and tea.
What was the motive behind colonizing East Asia in France?
The French claimed to civilize East Asia but were primarily motivated by profit.
Divide-and-Rule
A policy used by the French to weaken unified groups by separating them based on cultural and religious characteristics.
Economic Exploitation in Africa
European colonization of Africa was driven by the desire for resources, raw materials, and cheap labor.
First Sino-Japanese War
The conflict between China and Japan over Korea, marking Japan's emergence as an imperialist power.
Consequences of War
The war demonstrated China's weakening power and resulted in territorial concessions to Japan.
Western Pressure on China
After the war, Western powers increased pressure on China, treating Japan with more respect.
Rebellions in China
The defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War led to increased rebellions within China.
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