AP BIOLOGY TEST REVIEW - UNIT ONE

Dehydration reaction

Removal of water to form a bond

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Combination of multiple monosaccharides

Cellulose

Tough substance that forms plant cell walls

Chitin

Forms exoskeleton of arthropods

Starch

Found in plants (allows to store excess glucose)

Glycogen

Found in animals; stored in liver

Peptide bond

Covalent chemical bonds joining two amino acids together

N terminus

The beginning of a protein or polypeptide

C terminus

The end of a protein or polypeptide

Primary level of protein structure

String of amino acids

Secondary level of protein structure

Alpha/Beta pleated sheet

Tertiary level of protein structure

Final 3D structure of a SINGLE polypeptide

Quaternary level of protein structure

Joining of two or more polypeptides between R groups

Hydrophilic

Likes water

Hydrophobic

Does not like water

Nucleotide

• Monomer of nucleic acids

  • Components: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Purines

• Double ring

• Adenine and Thymine

Pyrimidines

• Single ring

• Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

Base pairing

A = T/U(RNA)

C = G

Hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine

2 hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine

3 hydrogen bonds

Unsaturated fatty acid

• At least one double bond

• Not all carbons saturated by hydrogen

Saturated fatty acid

• All single bonds

• Each carbon saturated by hydrogen

Head directionality

Facing out (Attracted to H₂O)

Tail directionality

Facing in (Repelled by H₂O)

Cohesion

Attraction to self

Adhesion

Attraction to others

Surface tension

Cohesion and adhesion develops a “surface” based on the interaction of hydrogen bonds

Capillary action

• Upward movement of water caused both combined forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension

• Occurs when adhesion is GREATER than cohesion

High specific heat

Resistance of H₂O to temperature change

High heat of vaporization

The molecules with the highest kinetic energy leaves as GAS

Solution

Homogenous mix of 2+ substances

Solvent

Dissolving agent in a solution

Solute

Substance that is dissolved

Glycosidic Linkage

Covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule

Steroid

Lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings

Phospholipid

A lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

Triglyceride

A lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

Amino acid

Monomer of proteins, composed of an amino acid group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group

Lipid

Macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar, not soluble in water

-ose

suffix carbohydrates usually end in

Hydrocarbon

Carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar

Hydrolysis

The process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers

Functional groups

Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions

Ion

Atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron

Polar covalent bond

A bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule

Nonpolar covalent bond

Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally

Covalent bond

Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared